反刍家畜高海拔低氧适应性性状的鉴定研究现状与展望

Identification methods for high-altitude adaptation of phenotypes in ruminant livestock:status and prospect

适应性性状是指生物体为应对某种环境所演化出的特定表型性状.在高海拔环境条件下,氧气成为影响生物生存的最主要环境因子.世居高原的生物(牦牛)在长期的演化过程中,生物体演化出适应于高海拔低氧的适应性性状.与人类生产、生活密切相关的反刍家畜(绵羊、山羊、牛)在短期内(约3000~5000年)同样适应了高海拔低氧环境,并形成适应性性状.本文综述了反刍家畜高海拔低氧适应性的性状以及各性状的鉴定方法,比较了传统与基于信息技术的高通量鉴定方法,并展望了精准适应性表型鉴定方法下的高海拔低氧适应性性状遗传机制解析,以期为未来高海拔地区品种改良和品种选育奠定基础.

Adaptive traits refer to the developmental patterns evolved in organisms to cope with a specific environment. At high altitudes,oxygen is the most important environmental factor affecting the survival of organisms. The long-term evolutionary history shows thatorganisms (e.g., yak) have developed distinct phenotypes in high-altitude environments. Moreover, domestic ruminants, such assheep, goats, and cattle, have played an essential role in providing permanent occupation to humans living in high-altitude regions andhave also adapted to the high-altitude environment in a short period (~3000–5000 years). This review summarizes the high-altitudeadaptation of phenotypes in ruminant livestock and the identification methods for each trait and compares the traditional and modernhigh-throughput identification methods. This review will outline future studies on accurate and high-throughput identificationmethods for high-altitude adaptation of phenotypes, thereby guiding researchers in adaptation evolution and breeding.