从实体理性到实践历史性--对《1844年经济学哲学手稿》主体哲学思想的再思考

From Substantial Rationality to Practical Historicity--A Rethink of the Subject Philosophy of Economic and Philosophical Manuscript of 1844

马克思主体哲学思想历经了从“理性”到“历史性”的嬗变。在《1844年经济学哲学手稿》(简称《手稿》)之前他主要承接了近代主体哲学的基本框架,即以理性为中心阐发其主体性思想。直到写作《手稿》时期,马克思主体性哲学思想才发生了决定性的分野。《手稿》主体思想奠基于“劳动(实践)”概念所开辟出来的现实领域;“劳动(实践)”概念的决定性意义就在于它是在“对象性活动”基础上,对国民经济学和黑格尔的劳动概念的批判中所达成的本体论变革,形成了与“理性—主体”完全不同的“历史性—主体”范式;从而在“历史性”原则的基础上,《手稿》建构起“现实个体”和“社会总体”的双重主体维度。

Marx's subject philosophy has undergone a transformation from“rationality”to“historicity”.Before the writing of Economic and Philosophical Manuscript of 1844,he mainly inherited the basic framework of modern subject philosophy,namely,expounding his subjective thoughts with rationality as the core.It was not until the writing of Manuscript that Marx's subject philosophy achieved a decisive division.The main idea of Manuscript is based on the practical field opened up by the concept of“labor(practice)”.The decisive significance of the concept of“labor(practice)”lies in its ontological transformation achieved in the criticism of national economics and Hegel's labor concept on the basis of“objective activities”,forming a completely different“Historicity-Subject”paradigm from“Rationality-Subject”.Based on the principle of“historicity”,Manuscript constructs a dual subjective dimension of“realistic individual”and“social totality”.