民法典视野下独立保函的法律适用规则——以2021年独立保函司法解释为依据

Rules for the Application of Law on Independent Bonds under the Perspective of the Civil Code—Based on the 2021 Judicial Interpretation of Independent Bonds

独立保函,是指银行或非银行金融机构作为开立人,以书面形式向受益人出具的,同意在受益人请求付款并提交符合保函要求的单据时,向其支付特定款项或在保函最高金额内付款的承诺。独立保函是独立保证,同属于人的担保,但与保证的规则不同,在理论上和实务上应当认真识别,防止法律适用错误。侵害独立保函开立人权益的主要行为是独立保函欺诈行为,即受益人单方或者与第三人串通,虚构事实或者隐瞒真实情况,通过独立保函骗取开立人财产权益的侵权行为,分为无真实交易、单据欺诈和明显滥用付款请求权三种类型。对涉嫌独立保函欺诈行为,可以采取中止支付的保全方法,确认构成独立保函欺诈行为的,应当终止支付,造成开立人财产权益损害的,应当承担侵权损害赔偿责任,以保护独立保函开立人的合法权益。

An independent guarantee is a promise issued in writing by a bank or non-bank financial institution,as the issuer,to the beneficiary,agreeing to pay the beneficiary a specified amount or within the maximum amount of the guarantee when the beneficiary requests payment and submits documents that meet the requirements of the guarantee.An independent bond is an independent guarantee,the same as a human guarantee,but with different rules from a guarantee,and should be carefully identified in theory and practice to prevent errors in the application of the law.The main act of infringing the rights and interests of independent bond issuer is independent bond fraud,that is,the beneficiary or the beneficiary conspires with a third party to falsify the facts or conceal the true situation,and defrauds the property rights and interests of the issuer through independent bond,which is divided into three types:no real transaction,documentary fraud and obvious abuse of payment request.For suspected independent bond fraud,the preservation method of suspending payment can be adopted,and if it is confirmed to constitute independent bond fraud,the payment shall be terminated,and if it causes damage to the property rights and interests of the issuer,it shall bear the liability for tort damages to protect the legitimate rights and interests of the independent bond issuer.