《1857-1858年经济学手稿》中的固定资本理论及其当代阐释

The Theory of Fixed Capital in Grundrisse and its Contemporary Interpretations

与《资本论》相比,《1857-1858年经济学手稿》中的固定资本理论具有更加开放、更加丰富的内涵。当代西方学者更多地基于《1857-1858年经济学手稿》而非《资本论》重新挖掘和阐述了马克思的固定资本理论及其当代价值。内田弘借助于黑格尔的逻辑学,考察了马克思关于固定资本的“一般性”“特殊性”“个别性”之三重规定,但不可避免地把古典和庸俗经济学的错误逻辑当成了马克思自己的正面阐述,存在过度诠释之嫌。哈维抓住了马克思关于两种固定资本即作为生产工具的固定资本与作为独立形态的固定资本之划分,阐述了固定资本与生产消费、个人消费、生息资本、城市空间、资本流通等方面的内在联系,挖掘了马克思当年提到但没有深入展开的那些问题,开启了一条不同于列斐伏尔和苏贾的资本空间化逻辑。不过,与马克思相比,哈维的理论基点并不是剩余价值生产和价值增殖逻辑,而是使用价值逻辑。奈格里结合数字化时代和认知资本主义特质,基于非物质劳动和一般智力,赋予了固定资本以全新内涵,实现了从马克思意义上的机器体系到蕴含着一般智力的人本身的转变,泛化了固定资本的内涵,陷入人力和智力拜物教的窠臼之中。

Compared with Capital,the theory of fixed capital in Grundrisse has shown a richer conntation.Contemporary Western scholars have rediscovered and elaborated Marx’s theory of fixed capital and its contemporary value based more on Grundrisse than on Capital.Drawing on Hegel’s logic,Hiroshi Uchida examines Marx’s threefold prescription of the“generality”,“particularity”and“individuality”of fixed capital,but inevitably over-interprets the faulty logic of classical and vulgar economics as a positive statement of Marx himself.Harvey captures Marx’s division between two kinds of fixed capital,namely,fixed capital as a tool of production and fixed capital as an independent form,and elaborates on the inner connection between fixed capital and productive consumption,personal consumption,interest-bearing capital,urban space,circulation of capital,etc.He unearths those issues that Marx mentioned but did not develop in depth,and opens up a logic of capital spatialization different from that of Lefebvre and Soja.However,in contrast to Marx,Harvey’s theoretical base is not the logic of surplus value production and value,but the logic of use value.Combining the digital era and the qualities of cognitive capitalism,Negri gives a new connotation to fixed capital based on immaterial labor and general intellect,realizing the transformation from a machine system in the Marxian sense to the human being itself,which contains general intellect,generalizing the connotation of fixed capital and falling into the rut of human and intellect fetishism.