基于提高森林覆盖率目标的跨区县横向生态补偿与供需对接——以重庆市为例

Cross-county horizontal ecological compensation and supply-demand docking to increase forest coverage:A case study of Chongqing

建立以提高森林覆盖率为目标的横向生态补偿,使保护发展生态的地区利益得到保障,绿化空间有限的地区在发展经济的同时也尽到绿化责任,从而推动各地间生态保护与经济发展的良性互动。以重庆市为例,考虑不同类型森林资源的数量、质量、造林管护成本差异,确定森林生态补偿指标价,同时建立灰色预测GM(1,1)模型,对标十四五规划,分析38个区县2025年森林覆盖率预期目标达成率,探索在全市森林覆盖率达到供需平衡下跨区县横向生态补偿供需对接关系。结果表明:(1)兼顾森林资源数量、质量和成本下38个区县单位面积森林补偿指标价介于5.69—7.32万元/hm^(2),平均为6.72万元/hm^(2),较目前基于成本的统一指导价3.75万元/hm^(2),高出0.79倍。(2)近10a森林覆盖率除大渡口区、江北区、九龙坡区、南岸区、长寿区、永川区、潼南区和忠县8个区县出现负增长外,其余30个区县呈正增长,预测到2025年达标的区县数量占全市总数的45%,其中达成率最高的是沙坪坝区(117.37%),最低是江北区(41.49%)。(3)依据各区县供需级别、对口帮扶结对关系、区位关系和政府购买意愿四个方面对接了14对补偿主体与客体,需购买森林面积介于0.13×10^(4)—3.82×10^(4)hm^(2),生态补偿总金额介于0.91×10^(4)—25.20×10^(4)万元,平均金额为8.72×10^(4)万元。结合不同类型森林数量结构、质量和造林管护成本等多方面构建的生态补偿标准,有利于提升森林质量、增强森林生态功能,可为重庆市各区县多途径达成横向生态补偿提供参考和实践借鉴。

The establishment of horizontally ecological compensation with the goal of increasing the forest coverage rate not only ensures that the interests of regions where the ecological environment is protected and developed can be granted,but also enables the regions with limited green space to fulfill their greening responsibilities while developing the economy,thus promoting the positive interactions between ecologically protected regions and economic development regions.Taking Chongqing as an example,the index price of forest ecological compensation was calculated considering regional differences in the quantity,quality,and afforestation management cost of different types of forest resources.Meanwhile,the expected goal achievement rate of forest coverage rate in 2025 in 38 districts and counties of Chongqing was analyzed by establishing the Grey Prediction GM(1,1)model and benchmarking to the 14th Five-Year Plan.Then,the docking relationship between supply and demand of the horizontal ecological compensation at the cross-county level was explored when the forest coverage rate of Chongqing would achieve a balance between supply and demand.The results showed the following.(1)The forest compensation price per unit area in the 38 districts and counties ranged from 56900 yuan to 73200 yuan per hectare,when considering the quantity,quality,and cost of different types of forest resources.This was 0.79 times higher than the current unified guidance price based on cost of 37,500 yuan per hectare,with an average of 67200 yuan per hectare.(2)In the past 10 years,except for eight districts and counties,i.e.,Dadukou District,Jiangbei District,Jiulongpo District,Nan′an District,Changshou District,Yongchuan District,Tongnan District,and Zhongxian County,the forest coverage rate of the other 30 districts and counties experienced positive growth.It was predicted that 45%of the districts and counties of Chongqing would reach the standard of forest coverage rate by 2025,of which Shapingba District was the highest(117.37%)and Jiangbei District was the lowest(41.49%).(3)Fourteen pairs of compensation subject and object were matched according to four aspects including supply and demand level,pairing relationship of counterpart assistance,location relationship,and government willingness to purchase of each district and county.Additionally,the forest area to be purchased ranged between 1300 and 38200 hectares,and thus the total amount of ecological compensation ranged between 91 million yuan and 2520 million yuan,with an average of 872 million yuan.Therefore,the ecological compensation standard constructed combining with the quantity structure,quality and afforestation management,and protection cost of different types of forests resources is conducive to improving forest quality and enhancing forest ecological functions,and can also provide a reference for each of the 38 districts and counties in Chongqing to achieve horizontally ecological compensation in multiple ways.