从附属到独立:数据的刑法保护模式构建

From Subsidiary to Independence:the Construction of Criminal Law Protection of Data

数据是集合了非排他性的有体物、潜在的法益可能性和公共利益性的独特法律客体。目前我国刑法是通过计算机信息系统犯罪、特殊信息犯罪、网络犯罪和侵财犯罪对数据进行保护的,这是一种附属性保护模式。由于存在数据法益独立价值未受尊重、犯罪构成要件漏洞、与前置法不衔接、司法适用不适应等问题,该保护模式与数据的独立属性相悖。为更好地对数据进行刑法保护,需要构建独立保护模式。构建的总体原则是要尊重数据的独立属性,围绕独立的数据法益严密法网,遵循比例原则,融入数据分类分级制度。首先要从社会现实与法律规范中提炼出独立的数据法益:数据本体法益,即数据的高质性和可用性;数据权利法益,即个人数据自决权和企业数据收益权;数据安全法益,即数据保密性、数据主权、数据利用的正当性和数据安全保障能力。然后围绕数据法益,平衡数据利用与数据安全,增设新罪名群。

In the digital era,data has independent legal attributes,which is a combination of non-exclusive physi cal objects,the possibility of legal interests and the attribute of public interests.The criminal law protects data through the regulation of computer information system crime,special information crime,network crime and property infringement crime,which is a subsidiary protection mode.Due to the inconsistency between the subsidiary protection mode and the independency of data,there are some problems such as lack of data legal interest,loopholes in constitutive elements of crime,disconnection with the administrative law,and improper judicial application.It is necessary for legislatures to build a better independent protection model for data.For that,the overall principle is to respect the independent attribute of data,perfect the law centering the independent legal interests of data,follow the principle of proportionality in digital society,and refer to the data classification system.The specific steps are to extract independent legal interests of data from social reality and legal norms,and establish systematic provisions of new data crimes based on the legal interests of data,balancing data utilization and data security.