心智游移的眼动追踪研究进展

A Review of Eye Tracking Studies on Mind Wandering

人们在日常生活中常常会出现心智游移。近来,眼动追踪技术由于经济高效、适用性广等特点被广泛用于心智游移研究。首先总结了心智游移眼动研究的常用任务,然后概述了心智游移眼动研究中的常用指标,重点回顾了心智游移时的眼动特征以及采用眼动数据对心智游移状态进行识别的相关研究,并从注意解耦的角度对心智游移进行理论解释。未来研究应考察不同分析时间窗口对眼动研究结果带来的影响,进一步考察不同心智游移内容及个体差异对心智游移相关眼动特征的影响,开发更优的算法以便通过眼动特征对是否心智游移进行分类等。

In daily life,people often experience mind wandering,which is also known as absent-mindedness.Mind wandering mainly refers to a state of consciousness in which an individual's attention shifts from the current task to internal information unrelated to the task,such as personal goals,fantasies or other ideas,and departs from the present moment.Mind wandering usually reduces task performance.In addition,mind wandering can also affect individual's mental health and negative emotions,especially when mind wandering focuses on the past.It is worth noting that mind wandering also has important adaptive functions,such as its association with planning and creative thinking.Given being subjective,self-report methods were often used to measure mind wandering.Eye tracking technology is becoming widely used in mind wandering research because of its economic efficiency and applicability in different situations and populations.Eye tracking can help us to understand the relationship between brain and behavior.It is of great significance to explore the eye movement characteristics of mind wandering to get a better understanding of mind wandering and its underlying mechanisms.In recent years,eye tracking has been used in many studies on mind wandering,and importantfindings have been achieved.To provide an overview of eye tracking studies of mind wandering,and get a deeper understanding of mind wandering,we searched databases(including web of science,google scholar,Pubmed)with the keywords“mind wandering”and“eye tracking”,and reviewed relevant studies.We reviewed literature from the following aspects.First,we reviewed the commonly used tasks in mind wandering studies using eye tracking,including the reading task,the video-lecture task,the sustained attention response task,the N-back task,the choice reaction time task,and the breath counting task.Second,we reviewed the commonly used eye movement indicators,includingfixation duration,pupil diameter,and blink rate.Third,we reviewed the characteristics of eye movement during mind wandering and the studies that suggested eye movement indicators as markers of mind wandering.Fourth,mind wandering was explained from the theoretical perspective of attention decoupling.That is,individuals in the state of attention decoupling were prone to mind wandering.Fifth,based on thefindings and limitations of existing research,we suggest that future studies are needed in the following directions:(1)We need to compare whether different time windows would affect the research results.(2)To distinguish eye movement characteristics on different types of mind wandering,e.g.,based on the content of mind wandering.(3)To explore individual differences in mind wandering by eye tracking,and to investigate whether the eye movement indicators of mind wandering could differentiate special populations,such as patients with mental illness.(4)To develop better algorithms to distinguish whether participants are focusing on task or mind wandering based on real time eye tracking data,this could get rid of the limitations of subjective reporting.Thesefindings suggested that eye tracking represents a promising neurophysiological tool for understanding and assessing mind wandering.