水肥耦合对设施番茄土壤水分、养分运移及产量和水分利用效率影响

The Combined Effect of Irrigation and Fertilization on Soil Water,Nutrient Transport,Yield and Water Use Efficiency of Greenhouse Tomato

【目的】探寻滴灌水肥耦合条件下温室水果番茄优质高效的最优水肥组合。【方法】设置灌水量和施肥量2因素3水平共9个处理,灌水量分别为W1(当地常规滴灌水量,4800 m^(3)/hm^(2))、W2(75%W1,3600 m^(3)/hm^(2))、W3(50%W1,2400 m^(3)/hm^(2)),施肥量分别为F1(高肥,7200 kg/hm^(2))、F2(中肥70%F1,5040 kg/hm^(2))、F3(低肥40%F1,2880 kg/hm^(2)),分析水肥耦合对番茄产量、水分利用效率、土壤水分及养分影响。【结果】施肥水平与灌水量交互效应对番茄水肥耦合的产量、土壤水分及养分产生显著影响。与W1F1处理相比,W2F2、W3F2处理产量降低16.26%和6.54%,但水分利用效率增加11.62%和66.56%。各处理0~20 cm土壤质量含水率随生育进程的推进呈波动递减趋势,变化范围在13.33%~24.53%之间;土壤剖面水分空间分布随灌水量和施肥量的减少在距离地面60 cm处出现水分聚集区,W2F2、W3F2处理平均土壤质量含水率为16.53%和16.84%。各处理土壤有机质量及速效养分生育后期较生长中期累积明显,相同灌水量下,根层土壤有机质及速效磷、速效钾量变化基本一致,均呈随施肥量的减少而减少变化趋势;相同施肥量下,适度减少灌水量有利于降低碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾向深层迁移,显著提高根区土壤养分。【结论】灌水量在2400~3600m^(3)/hm^(2)之间,施肥量为5040kg/hm^(2)(液体有机肥3600kg/hm^(2)、大量元素水溶肥1440kg/hm^(2))时,能够获得较高产量以及水分利用效率,同时有效提高根层养分量,降低养分淋失风险。

【Objective】Greenhouse vegetable production relies on irrigation and fertilization.Improving their use efficiency can reduce the operational costs and environmental impact.The objective of this paper is to find their optimal combination for greenhouse tomato production.【Method】The experiment consisted of three irrigation treatments:conventional drip irrigation at 4800 m^(3)/hm^(2)(W1),reducing W1 by 25%(W2),and 50%(W2);and three fertilizations:high fertilization at 7200 kg/hm^(2)(F1),and reducing F1 by 30%(F2),and 60%(F3).In each treatment,we measured soil water distribution,and yield and water use efficiency of the tomato.【Result】Fertilization and irrigation were strongly interacted in their impact on tomato yield,soil water and nutrients.Compared to W1+F1,W2+F2 and W3+F2 reduced the fruit yield by 16.26%and 6.54%,and increased water use efficiency by 11.62%and 66.56%,respectively.Soil water content in the 0~20 cm soil layer exhibited oscillation in the range of 13.33%~24.53%,but overall showed a declined trend as the crop grew.With the decrease in irrigation and fertilization,the gradient of soil water content at the depth of 60 cm became steeper.The average soil water content under W2+F2 and W3+F2 was 16.53%and 16.84%,respectively.Soil organic matter and bioavailable nutrients were more abundant in the later growth stage than in the middle growth stage.Soil organic matter and bioavailable phosphorus,potassium in root zone were comparable in all treatments,both decreasing with the decrease in fertilization when the irrigation amount was the same.When the fertilization was the same,a moderate reduction in irrigation amount could reduce the downward movement of alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen,bioavailable phosphorus and potassium,thereby increasing nutrients in the root zone.【Conclusion】Among all the treatments we compared,the optimal irrigation and fertilization to give the best yield and water use efficiency was drip-irrigation with 2400~3600 m^(3)/hm^(2) of water,and fertilization with 3600 kg/hm^(2) of liquid organic fertilizer and 1440 kg/hm^(2) of water-soluble fertilizer.