国家司法救助二元结构的问题反思与制度优化——基于财政垫付责任理论的分析

Reflections on the Dual Structure of National Judicial Aid andIts Institutional Optimization:Based on the Analysis of Financial Advance Responsibility Theory

从现有的规范文本与制度实践来看,我国国家司法救助呈现“国家—被救助人”的二元救助结构。二元救助结构不仅在理论上无法解释第三人造成的损失为何由政府来填补的问题,实践中更容易导致政府承担过重的救助负担,不利于救助水平的提高以及救助的可持续性;同时,还容易导致原本担负赔偿义务的第三人不当获得制度保护,造成法律实施机制的不公正。解决这一问题的关键在于重新确立第三人在救助结构中的地位。对此,可以用财政垫付责任理论来解释同级财政用于实施国家司法救助的做法,重新定位国家司法救助的行为属性,构建国家司法救助财政垫付论,国家司法救助机构籍此获得对第三人的追偿权。在此基础上,构建更加科学、现代化的国家司法救助制度,使其在防止返贫、人权保障等方面发挥更大的作用。

From the point of view of the norms and practices,the national judicial aid presents the dualistic aid structure of"The country"and"The rescued person".Dualistic aid structure cannot explain why the gov-ernment should cover the losses caused by the third person theoretically;and on the other hand,it is more likely to cause the government to bear too much of the rescue burden practically.It is not conducive to the improvement of the standard and the sustainability of the aid.At the same time,it may also cause the problem that the third person originally bearing the obligation of compensation cannot properly obtain the protection of the sys-tem,resulting in the injustice of the legal enforcement mechanism.The solution to this problem is to re-estab-lish the position of the third person in the aid structure.In this regard,we can use the theory of financial ad-vance responsibilty to explain the practice of the national judicial aid,to redefine the characteristics of national judicial aid,and to construct the national judicial aid financial advance theory.Therefore,the national judicial aid institutions obtain the right of recovery against the third person.Hereby,a more scientific and modern national judicial aid system should be established so that it can play a greater role in preventing poverty reurningand safeguarding human rights.