费尔巴哈视域中的马克思和赫斯学术关系研究

On Marx⁃Hess Academic Relationship from the Perspective of Feuerbach

批判与超越费尔巴哈的类哲学,构成了马克思与赫斯1844年的思想交集。在《1844年经济学哲学手稿》《笔记本Ⅰ》中,马克思遭遇无法从先验的类本质推导出人与人现实的交往关系的理论危机,赫斯在《论货币的本质》中以共同活动(Zusammenwirken)将外在性、生成性和历史引入有关人的本质的论述之中,构成了马克思在1844年解决其思想危机的理论先导,使他发现了社会关系在分工和交换中经验生成的现实机制。但马克思此时期对古典政治经济学的系统研究和对黑格尔辩证法的重新评述,又使他进一步深入到交换背后的对象化劳动,揭示对象世界不仅是人格的感性存在形式,同时也是人类历史生成的经验中介,回答了人的历史生成何以可能的问题,为彻底清理费尔巴哈的类哲学影响奠定了坚实的理论基础。而赫斯却拒斥私有财产和货币这种特殊性的中介,造成他只能通过爱的情感和意识的觉醒实现社会主义,无法真正克服费尔巴哈的影响,最终与马克思分道扬镳,走向真正的社会主义。

The critique and transcendence of Feuerbach's philosophy of species constituted the intersection of Marx's thought with that of Hess in 1844.In the“Notebook I”of Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844,Marx encountered a theoretical crisis in his inability to derive the reality of human relations from the a priori essence of the species,and Hess's introduction of externality,generation and history into the discourse on the essence of human beings with cooperation activity in On the Essence of Money constituted the theoretical precursor to Marx's resolution of his intellectual crisis,allowing him to discover the empirical social relations in the division of labor and exchange.But Marx's systematic study of classical political economics and his reassessment of Hegel's dialectic in this period led him to delve further into the objectified labor behind exchange,revealing that the products of labor are not only the perceptual form of existence of person but also the empirical medium of human historical production,answering the question of how the historical production of man is possible and laying a solid theoretical foundation for a thorough purging of Feuerbach's influence.Hess,on the other hand,rejected private property and money as mediums of particularity,resulting in his being able to achieve socialism only through the emotion of love and the awakening of consciousness,unable to truly overcome Feuerbach's influence,and ultimately parting ways with Marx towards true socialism.