环境史视域下生态环境脆弱区的环境问题治理与反思——以鄂尔多斯地区为考察对象

Environmental Management Issues and Their Impact on Ecologically Fragile Area Under the Perspective of Environmental History--The Case of Ordos Region

以环境退化与土地荒漠化(全文均表述为环境问题)为主要表征的环境问题在中国尤其是在生态环境脆弱区最为显著。生态环境脆弱区的自然环境承载能力及自我修复能力均比较差,且极易受到人类活动的干扰,一旦破坏后也很难恢复。鄂尔多斯地区作为生态环境脆弱区中的典型代表,环境问题尤为突出,中国面积排名第五的毛乌素沙漠(中国四大沙地之一)与排名第七的库布齐沙漠都位于此地。目前,环境保护与环境问题治理已成为当地的一项重要工作,受到国家及相关各级部门的高度关注。鄂尔多斯地区环境问题的出现多是受到历史时期人类社会非合理的土地开发利用所致,明清以来尤其是清代以后对自然环境的急速开发是导致出现今日严峻环境问题的关键阶段。作为生态环境脆弱区,鄂尔多斯地区自然环境极易遭到人为非合理开发利用的破坏,环境恶化后也很难恢复,甚至会持续恶化下去。但回顾鄂尔多斯地区环境变迁历史可以发现,当采用游牧经济时,当地自然环境多较良好,那些因非合理人为开发利用导致破坏了的自然环境也因之有所恢复。当下鄂尔多斯地区自然环境开发利用及环境保护与环境问题治理工作的开展,可以参照历史时期当地的自然环境状况,借鉴当地环境问题产生的原因及治理经验,以更合理高效的方式开展相关工作。

Environmental issues,which are mainly characterized by environmental degradation,desert encroachment and desertification(expressed as environmental problems in the whole text),represent a matter of concern in China,especially in its ecologically fragile areas.In the ecologically fragile areas,natural environmental carrying capacity and self⁃healing ability are relatively poor,so those areas are easily disturbed by human activities and difficult to recover after being damaged.As a typical representative of this kind of fragile ecological environment,the Ordos Region,being home to the fifth and seventh largest deserts in China(The Mawudu and Kubuqi deserts respectively),is particularly exposed to environmental problems.Nowadays,environmental protection and the management of environmental problems have become an important task in the region,and both the central government of China and local administrations at different levels are keeping a close eye on the matter.The emergence of environmental issues was mostly caused by the unreasonable land development and utilization of human society in the historical period,the rapid development of the local natural environment since the Qing Dynasty made this period most important in the Ordos Region's environmental deterioration.Moreover,the reasons for the Ordos Region being a primary concern in terms of environmental protection nowadays traced back to this period.As the area is ecologically fragile,the natural environment here was easily damaged by unreasonable human development and utilization,it is difficult to recover after deterioration,its deterioration is persistent and hard to arrest.When nomadic economy is adopted,the natural environment is mostly good,and the natural environment damaged by unreasonable human exploitation is also restored.The development and utilization,environmental protection and environmental problems in this area could be managed in a more reasonable and efficient way,taking into account historical experience and sticking to the principle of environmental tolerance.