无人驾驶汽车交通肇事刑事归责的困境与进路

The dilemma and approach of criminal liability for traffic accidents caused by autonomous vehicles

在人工智能时代下,无人驾驶汽车作为新兴产品在便利人们出行的同时也带来不少问题,其中最具代表性的即是对无人驾驶汽车交通肇事的刑事归责问题探究。无人驾驶汽车交通肇事的刑事责任主体存在争议、刑事责任分配不明确、存在算法道德和算法偏见等是无人驾驶汽车交通肇事当前面临的刑事归责困境。困境的缘由主要在于以下几个方面:人与人工智能的主客体关系错配;无人驾驶情境下交通肇事的责任性质发生转变;受效益主导的“算法黑箱”引发算法瑕疵。为此,针对归责困境及缘由提出以下归责进路:否定人工智能的刑事责任主体地位;建立以生产者为核心的无人驾驶汽车产品刑事责任;加强对无人驾驶汽车的算法优化。

In the era of artificial intelligence,as an emerging product,autonomous vehicles not only facilitate people′s travel,but also bring many problems.Among them,the most representative is the exploration of criminal liability for traffic accidents caused by autonomous vehicles.The current dilemma of criminal liability for autonomous vehicle traffic accidents is the dispute over the subject of criminal responsibility,unclear distribution of criminal responsibility,and the existence of algorithmic morality and algorithmic bias.The reasons for the dilemma mainly lie in the following aspects:the subject-object relationship mismatch between human and artificial intelligence;The nature of responsibility of traffic accident in unmanned driving situations has changed;The“algorithmic black-box”dominated by efficiency leads to algorithm defects.Therefore,the following approaches are put forward in view of the dilemma and reasons:denying the subject status of criminal responsibility of artificial intelligence,establishing producer-centered criminal responsibility for autonomous vehicle products,strengthen the algorithm optimization of autonomous vehicles.