“專”“塼”“甎”“磚”字际字词关系历时考察

Diachronic Investigation of Interword and Word Relation among “專” “塼” “甎” “磚”

出土文献尤其砖铭多见“專”“塼”“甎”“磚”的用例,其字际、字词关系较为复杂,已有认识或模糊不清,或不合实际。经全面测查得出,“專”见于甲、金文,“塼”“甎”“磚”见于汉砖。唐代“塼”用为正字,其后用为通行字或俗字;宋至清代以“甎”为正字;唐代以来“磚”用为俗字,直到新中国成立后才以“砖”为通行正字,承担磚、塼、甎的记录职能。古文献以“專”记录纺锤义,或借表砖瓦义;“塼”“磚”“甎”可兼表砖瓦义和纺锤义。汉魏时期多以“壁”指称砖瓦,南北朝则以“塼”代之。这些认识以期为汉字发展史、职用史研究提供可靠资料,亦可为文献考订等相关应用研究提供实证参考。

Unearthed literature,especially brick inscriptions,often include the use cases of“專”“塼”“甎”and“磚”,with complex inter word and word relationships that have been recognized or unclear,or are not practical.After comprehensive testing,it was found that“專”can be found in the ancient bone scripts and bronze scripts,while“塼”“甎”and“磚”can be found in Han bricks.In the Tang Dynasty,“塼”was used as a formal character,and later as a common or colloquial character;From the Song Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty,“甎”was used as the official character;Since the Tang Dynasty,“磚”has been used as a common character,and it was not until the establishment of New China that“磚”was adopted as the official character,assuming the recording function of brick,liquid,and clay.Ancient literature records the meaning of spindle with“專”or borrows the meaning of bricks and tiles;“塼”“磚”and“甎”can also represent both the meaning of bricks and tiles and the meaning of spindle.In the Han and Wei Dynasties,bricks and tiles were mostly referred to as“壁”,while in the Northern and Southern dynasties,“塼”was used instead.These understandings are expected to provide reliable data for the study of the development history and employment history of Chinese characters,as well as empirical references for relevant applied research such as literature review.