2017—2021年江西省广昌县狂犬病暴露人群流行病学特征分析

Epidemiological characteristics of rabies exposure population in Guang-chang County, Jiangxi Province, 2017-2021

目的了解2017—2021年广昌县狂犬病暴露人群流行病学特征及暴露后处置情况,为广昌县狂犬病防控提供科学依据。方法收集广昌县县城狂犬病暴露处置门诊2017—2021年狂犬病暴露登记资料进行统计分析。结果2017—2021年狂犬病暴露人员数量分别为675、806、869、968、923例,呈现逐年上升趋势,全年均有报告,5月、8月为暴露高峰;男性多于女性;年龄分布以0~15岁最多(46.47%);暴露部位下肢膝以下最多(35.89%),其次为手部(32.10%);暴露分级以Ⅲ级暴露最多(50.88%);2020—2021年自行处理率较高,与2017—2019年比较差异有统计学意义(χ^(2)=411.506,P<0.05);Ⅲ级暴露者被动免疫制剂使用率低(42.12%);伤人动物免疫率低(9.05%)。结论广昌县应加强0~15岁儿童及家长狂犬病暴露前后预防处置知识的健康教育;应尽快出台狂犬病免疫球蛋白纳入医保或其他经费补助等惠民政策;应加强动物接种疫苗配套措施。

Objective To investigate the epidemiological characteristics and post-exposure treatment of the rabies exposure population in Guangchang County from 2017 to 2021,so as to provide scientific evidence for the prevention and control of rabies in Guangchang County.Methods The rabies exposure registration data of the rabies exposure treatment in a clinic in Guangchang County from 2017 to 2021 were collected for statistical analysis.Results From 2017 to 2021,the numbers of rabies exposure cases were 675,806,869,968,and 923,respectively,showing an upward trend year by year,and were reported throughout the year,with exposure peaks in May and August,and more men than women.The age distribution was 0-15 years old with the most(46.47%).The most exposed part was below the knee of the lower limb(35.89%),followed by the hand(32.10%).The exposure grade was the most common in grade III exposure(50.88%).The self-processing rate was higher in 2020-2021,and the difference was statistically significant compared with that in 2017-2019(χ^(2)=411.506,P<0.05).The utilization rate of passive immunological agents in grade III exposure was low(42.12%).The immunization rate of hurt human animals was low(9.05%).Conclusion Health education on the prevention and treatment of rabies before and after exposure should be strengthened in Guangchang County.Policies benefiting the people,such as the inclusion of rabies immunoglobulin in medical insurance or other financial subsidies,should be introduced as soon as possible.Animal vaccination measures should be strengthened.