百年农民营养与福利变化:测度与政策

A Century of Farmers'Nutrition and Welfare Changes:Measurements and Policies

建党百年来中国农民的生活发生了翻天覆地的变化,如何准确测度百年内农民福利和营养的变化,具有重要的学术和政策意义。鉴于百年跨度上收入和支出的货币尺度在时间和空间上存在不可比性,本文主要采用恩格尔系数和食物消费与营养摄入指标,修正测量中的各种误差,比较分析了农民的福利改善历程。结果表明,建党百年来,中国农民恩格尔系数大幅下降,以1978年、1989年、1995年、2012年为节点形成了五个阶段的鲜明变化特征。同时,农民食物消费和营养水平显著提升,呈现出谷物消费量大幅减少而肉类等动物性食品消费量大幅增加的变迁,相应地,脂肪和蛋白质摄入量一直在稳步增加,卡路里摄入量在2000年后则维持在一个比较稳定的水平。农民福利水准的提高不仅得益于中国共产党领导下的土地、劳动力等要素市场化改革,带来农业生产力的解放,也得益于在市场改革造成两极分化的背景下,中国共产党实施的各项扶贫政策和支农政策。城乡食物消费和营养结构的融合成为未来衡量城乡融合发展的一个重要指标。

The life of Chinese farmers has been experiencing drastic changes since the founding of the Communist Party of China in 1921.How to accurately measure the changes in farmers'welfare and nutrition within a century has important academic and policy significance.In view of the incomparability in time and space of the monetary metric of income and expenditure over a century span,this paper mainly uses the Engel coefficient and the indicators of food consumption and nutrient intake to correct various errors in the measurement,and compares and analyzes the progress of farmers'welfare improvement.The results show that the Engel coefficient of Chinese farmers has dropped sharply since the founding of the Communist Party of China,with five distinct changes in 1978,1989,1995,and 2012.At the same time,farmers'food consumption and nutritional level have increased significantly,showing a switch from the consumption of cereals to animal foods such as meat products.Correspondingly,the intake of fat and protein has been steadily increasing,and the calorie intake has been steadily increasing.The amount remains at a relatively stable level after 2000.The improvement of farmers'welfare level is not only due to the market-oriented reform of land,labor and other factors under the leadership of the Communist Party of China,which has brought about the liberation of agricultural productivity,but also the various poverty alleviation policies and policies to support agriculture implemented by the Communist Party of China.The convergence of urban and rural food consumption and nutritional structure is also an important indicator to measure the integration level between urban and rural areas in the future.