非洲的分离主义运动:类型、特征与演变趋势

African Secessionist Movements:Types,Characteristics,and Trajectories

在非洲国家独立之后,非洲国家间边界充满韧性的一个表征是分离主义运动相对较少。对后殖民时期非洲的分离主义运动进行整体性梳理与类型学划分,具有重要的学术价值与现实意义。在后殖民时期的非洲,“是否寻求创立新的国家”与“是否采用强制力”是判断分离主义运动的两个条件,而“军事斗争能力”与“分离主义目标的实现程度”构成了对非洲分离主义运动进行类型学划分的基本维度。后殖民时期非洲分离主义运动呈现出一些主要特征,如倾向于从特殊的殖民经历中寻求合法性、较少出现跨国家边界的分离主义运动及充满了内在的分裂倾向。在2005南苏丹分离主义问题达成政治解决方案后,非洲的分离主义运动出现了“和平化”以及日益与伊斯兰势力相结合的新趋向。

In post-colonial Africa,the borders between African countries turned out to be stunningly resilient,as evidenced by the scarcity of secessionist movements.The article defines secessionism as activities that intend to break away from a sovereign country without the latter's consent.In post-colonial Africa,any secessionist movement must meet two threshold requirements-it intends to create a new sovereign country and it chooses to pursue independence through military means.By carefully reviewing secessionist movements in post-colonial Africa,this article proceeds to develop a typology of African secessionist movements through the lens of"their military strength"and"the extent of the realization oftheir secessionist aspiration."Secessionist movements inpost-colonial Africaa exhibit some noticeable characteristics,including seeking legitimacy from the colonial past,the paucity of transnational secessionist movements,and the tendency to internal division.After the 2005 Comprehensive Peace Agreement between the Sudanese government and Sudan's People Liberation Movement,Africa's secessionist movements have become peaceful overall.But a dangerous trajectory also starts to emerge-in some secessionist movements,separatism has been associated closely with Islamic extremism.