从“美国化”到“自主化”:土耳其国防工业的发展与转型

From “Americanization” to “Autonomy”:The Development and Transformation of Turkey's Defense Industry

自第二次世界大战结束以降,土耳其国防工业经历了从美国化到自主化的发展道路。得益于美国在冷战初期的军事援助,土耳其国防工业呈现美国化的发展特征,尤其是在武器进口方面仰仗美国。1975年因塞浦路斯危机遭遇美国武器禁运后,土耳其国内掀起了一场自上而下的国防工业自主化转型的变革。这场变革包括降低国防武器对外依赖程度、增强自主生产能力、强化政府在国防工业发展中的领导角色等多重内容。到21世纪,土耳其国防工业自主化程度不断增强,不仅提高了武器国产化率,还实现了武器的大量出口。国防工业的自主化发展战略既改善了土耳其武器长期依赖进口的被动境遇,又为土耳其摆脱与美国的依附性联盟关系提供了有力保障。随着国防工业力量的显著提升,土耳其在地缘政治格局、国际军火市场和对外关系中拥有更大的话语权,在地区问题乃至国际政治事务中扮演着越来越重要的角色。

Since the end of World War II,Turkey's defense industry has experienced a development path from Americanization to autonomy.Benefiting from the military assistance of the United States in the early Cold War,Turkey's defense industry showed the characteristics of Americanized,especially in arms importation.After the arms embargo of the United States in 1975,a top-down transformation of the defense industry was initiated in Turkey.The reform emphasizes the reduction of foreign dependence on defense weapons,the enhancement of independent production capacity,and the strengthening of the government's leading role in the development of the defense industry.In the 21st century,Turkey's defense industry has been increasingly independent,which not only increases the localization rate of weapons,but also exports a large number of weapons.The independent development strategy of the defense industry has not only improved the passive situation of Turkey's long-term dependence on the import of weapons,but also played an important role in breaking away from the dependent alliance relationship with the United States.With the significant improvement of the strength of the defense industry,Turkey has discourse power in the geopolitical pattern,international arms market and foreign relations,and plays an increasingly important role in regional issues and even international political affairs.