知识为基:中国社会组织环境风险沟通的实践策略与逻辑理路

Knowledge Based: Practical Strategies and Logic Path for Environmental Risk Communication of Chinese Non-Governmental Organizations

环境风险沟通是环境治理的关键环节,因政府与专家主导的“单向说服模式”存在局限,建构更优且具有中国本土特色的“双向沟通路径”受到学术界与实务界的关注。作为零散公众“代言人”和环境保护“布道者”的社会组织在其中如何行动?能否突破“信息接收者”的被动身份,实现沟通方向倒转?为更好地回答这些问题,以垃圾焚烧风险争议为观察切片,依托内容分析、文本分析、民族志等方法对九家机构及其微信公众号进行历时观察,凝练了“知识为基”的风险沟通逻辑。即社会组织在“知识协商型风险沟通”的目标牵引、“双重知识短缺”的压力驱动和“知识采纳”的正向激励中,秉持“科学公益”理念,依托“知识共同体”的组织保障,运用知识拣选、勾连、浓缩、具象、定投五种技巧整合权威、专家、实践、经验四类知识,展示风险警示、溯源、减缓、反思四项议题,进而唤起多元主体的环境风险警惕与治理行动。一方面,有助于拓展风险沟通理论体系,推进其精细化与本土化;另一方面,能透视中国环境治理体系与治理能力现代化进程中社会组织的行动空间,把握政社关系未来走势。

Environmental risk communication is the key point of environmental governance.Due to the limitations of the“persuasion knowledge model”led by officials and experts,the construction of a“mutual way communication path”with Chinese local characteristics has received attention from both academic and practical circles.What is the role of Non-Governmental Organizations as spokespeople and evangelists for the public in the field of risk communication?Can they break out of their passive role as“information receivers”and reverse the direction of communication?This paper takes waste incineration risk controversy as an example,and uses content analysis,text analysis,and ethnography to observe nine organizations and their Wechat official accounts,condensing the logic of“knowledge-based”risk communication.In other words,Non-Governmental Organizations are driven by the goal of“knowledge negotiated risk communication”,the pressure of“double knowledge shortage”and the positive incentive of“knowledge adoption”.In the concept of“scientific philanthropy”,relying on the organizational guarantee of“knowledge community”,Non-Governmental Organizations use five techniques of knowledge picking,linking,condensing,visualizing and fixing to integrate authoritative,expert,practical and experiential knowledge,and present four issues of risk warning topics including warning,tracing,mitigation and reflection.On one hand,this study will help to expand the theory of risk communication,promote its refinement and localization.On the other hand,it provides a perspective on the action space of Non-Governmental Organizations in the process of modernizing China’s environmental governance system and capacity,and helps to understand the future trend of the relationship between government and society.