基于竞合理论的儿童哲学实践:必要与可能

Philosophy for Children based on the Theory of Coopetition:Necessities and Possibilities

竞争是人类的一种天性,它在童年阶段便普遍存在,竞争须具备相互排斥关系、以成绩为导向、基于标准或规则、有吸引力目标等特征,它对儿童的发展有利有弊。因为竞争与儿童哲学的关系密切,从而引起了诸多学者的高度关注,并逐步形成了两种截然不同的论点或观点。“不可调和论”认为儿童哲学是合作的教育事业,以追求真理为目标,且竞争容易导致思想的同质化、产生对抗性言行,并存在隐蔽的性别歧视及压迫,因此反对将竞争引入到儿童哲学体系之中。“可兼容论”者则认为竞争与合作在本质上是可以共存的、实现哲学的进步需要以竞争为路径,且竞争可以促进儿童多元思考能力的发展,它也可以是友好的。本文则主张在竞合理论的框架下重构儿童哲学的实践,建议教育者设立共享共同共赢的目标体系、营造支持自主和反馈信息丰裕有效的竞合环境,以及组建相互关心与理解的亲密竞合伙伴关系。

Competition is a human nature,which has been prevalent in the period of childhood.Competition must have the characteristics of mutual exclusion relationship,performance orientation,standards or rules as basis,attractive goals,etc.It has both advantages and disadvantages for children's development.The close relationship between competition and Philosophy for Children has aroused great concern of scholars in global level,and gradually formed into two different arguments or views.The"irreconcilable argument"holds that Philosophy for Children is a cooperative educational cause,with the pursuit of truth as the goal,and that competition tends to lead to the homogenization of ideas,confrontational words and deeds,and hidden gender discrimination and oppression,so it opposes to introducing competition into the practice of Philosophy for Children.On the other hand,the"Compatibility argument"believes that competition and cooperation can coexist in essence,and the progress of philosophy needs to take competition as the path;competition can promote the development of children's multiple thinking skills,and it can also be child-friendly.This paper advocates reconstructing the practice of Philosophy for Children under the framework of the theory of coopetition,and suggests that educators should establish a goal system of sharing and win-win results,create an effective coopeition environment that supports autonomy and provides abundant feedback information,and establish close coopetition partnerships with mutual relations and understanding.