不同耕作方式和施肥水平对小麦叶片光合特性的影响

The Effect of Different Tillage Methods and Fertilization Levels on Photosynthetic Characteristics of Wheat Leaves

2017—2019年研究立式旋耕和常规旋耕下施肥、不施肥对小麦光合特性的影响,以期从光合生理的角度解释耕作和施肥对小麦产量的影响。结果表明,立式旋耕能增加产量,较常规旋耕在不施肥条件和施肥条件下分别增产2.4%~34.1%、6.0%~10.2%。不施肥条件下,立式旋耕可提高返青拔节期、灌浆期(旗叶)叶片叶绿素含量,提高灌浆期旗叶最大光化学效率及PSⅡ活性;灌浆期旗叶净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、水分利用效率(WUE)较常规旋耕分别提高6.33~9.89μmol/(m^(2)·s)、1.40~2.73 mmol/(m^(2)·s)、0.70~0.16μmol/mmol,其中,Pn、Tr在2018年显著提高;胞间CO_(2)浓度(Ci)较常规旋耕降低8.67~12.86μmol/mol,对实际光化学效率、气孔导度(Gs)影响规律性不明显。施肥条件下,立式旋耕能提高灌浆期旗叶叶绿素含量和旗叶实际光化学效率;灌浆期旗叶Pn、Gs、Tr较常规旋耕分别提高3.30~6.42μmol/(m^(2)·s)、0.11~0.38 mmol/(m^(2)·s)、1.21~1.82 mmol/(m^(2)·s),其中,Gs、Tr显著提高;对PSⅡ活性、Ci、WUE影响不显著。总之,立式旋耕((30±5) cm)较常规旋耕((12±5) cm)能改善灌浆期旗叶光合特性,增加产量。

In this study,the effects of fertilization(F)and non-fertilization(F0)under the conditions of vertical rotary tillage(FL)and rotary tillage(XG)during from 2017 to 2018 on wheat photosynthetic characteristics were studied to explain the effects of tillage and fertilization on wheat yield from the perspective of phosynthetic physiology.The results showed that FL could increase wheat grain yield;compared with XG practice,FL increased yield by 2.4%-34.1%and 6.0%-10.2%under F0 and F conditions,respectively.Under F0 conditions,FL could increase chlorophyll content of wheat leaves(flag leaves)at return green and jointing stage,and filling stage respectively,improve Fv/Fm and PSⅡvalues at filling stage.Pn,Tr,and WUE of flag leaves at filling stage increased by 6.33-9.89μmol/(m^(2)·s),1.40-2.73 mmol/(m^(2)·s),and 0.70-0.16μmol/mmol,respectively,and Pn and Tr were significantly increased in 2018.Also,Ci decreased by 8.67-12.86μmol/mol,whileφPSⅡand Gs was not significantly influenced.Under F conditions,FL could increase chlorophyll content andφPSⅡvalue of flag leaves at filling stage;FL at filling stage could increase Pn,Gs,and Tr by 3.30-6.42μmol/(m^(2)·s),0.11-0.38 mmol/(m^(2)·s),and 1.21-1.82 mmol/(m^(2)·s),respectively,and Gs and Tr were significantly increased.However,and PSⅡand Ci,and WUE were not significantly influenced.In a word,compared with rotary tillage((12±5)cm)the vertical rotary tillage((30±5)cm)could improve photosynthetic characteristics of flag leaves and increase yield.