新中国“单位福利”制度形成的历史因由与模式论争

The Historical Causes and Model Debates of the Formation of“Unit Welfare”System of New China

“单位福利”制度作为新中国成立后内生于旨在追求赶超发展和社会结构重构的单位体制下的基础性制度安排,其内核是以工作单位为主体举办集体生活和服务设施,向职工提供物质帮助和服务活动的总称。作为与单位制同构的制度设计,该制度的形成与完善导源于中国传统福利理念的现代实践,以回应近代福利制度缺失为动机且与百余年来中国激荡的革命相连接。这一制度萌发于中国共产党在“根据地”时期的福利实践,承袭了民国企业福利的理念,成熟于东北“典型单位制”的福利样态。成熟化的单位福利制度成为了凝聚单位组织情感和共同体意识的关键力量,也以其内蕴的“反向后果”蜕为单位体制的制度障碍。单位福利制度以其兼具历史性和制度性的双重张力成为了解读单位体制的重要视角,同时也深刻地影响着中国当代福利体制改革的进路与方向。

The“unit welfare”system,as a fundamental institutional arrangement born in the unit system aimed at pursuing catch-up development and restructuring social structure after the establishment of New China,is a general term for organizing collective living and service facilities with the unit as the main body and providing material assistance and service activities to employees.As an institutional design that is isomorphic to the unit system,the formation and improvement of this system originated from the modern practice of traditional Chinese welfare concepts,motivated by responding to the lack of modern welfare systems,and connected to the turbulent revolution in China over the past century.This system originated from the welfare practice of the Party during the“base area”period,inherited the concept of corporate welfare in the Republic of China,and matured in the welfare pattern of the“typical unit system”in Northeast China.The mature unit welfare system has become a key force to cohere organizational emotions with community consciousness of unit,and its inherent“reverse consequences”have degenerated into institutional obstacles to the unit system.The unit welfare system,with its dual tension of both historical and institutional nature,has become an important perspective for understanding the unit system,and has also profoundly influenced the path and direction of China's contemporary welfare system reform.