论周秦儒学勇德类型及其当代创新

On the Types of Virtue of Courage in Confucianism of Zhou and Qin Dynasties and Their Contemporary Innovation

当今世界,国家与人民的发展面临着复杂艰巨的内外双重困难的挑战。突破困局和坚持自我的前进道路上都需要源源不断的勇气、恒定不改的勇德。现实的勇力、勇气转化至抽象的勇心、勇志乃至勇德,“勇”的正面价值的发扬、负面作用的抑制,其中自有历史的路径与规律。周秦儒学诸子,特别是孔子、孟子、荀子,对勇与勇德问题都有专门论述,并将勇德精神高标为至德,区别出二分、三分类型各一种,两种四分类型以及其中蕴含的一种六分类型。周秦儒学对勇德问题初步的体系研究,相关的理论与实践可资今人借鉴。

brave consciousness,brave aspirations,and even virtue of courage,the promotion of the positive value of“courage”,and the suppression of negative effects,all have their own historical paths and laws.The scholars of Confucianism in the Zhou and Qin dynasties,especially Confucius,Mencius,and Xunzi,have specialized discussions on the issue of bravery and virtue of bravery.They have also elevated the spirit of bravery to the level of virtue,distinguishing it into a two-type and a three-type,two four-types with a six-type contained within them.The preliminary systematic research on the issue of virtue of bravery in Confucianism of Zhou and Qin Dynasties,as well as its related theories and practices,can be used for reference by modern people.