位置数据调取中基本权利的公法保障

Public Law Protection of Basic Rights in Location Data Retrieval

公权力机关向第三方平台调取位置数据,已成为侦查实践常态,但现行法律制度无法为被调取人提供充分的权利保护。从基本权利限制的分析框架看,通话时位置数据属于通信秘密的保护范围,非通话时位置数据属于个人信息权的保护范围。于是,位置数据调取构成对通信权或者个人信息权的干预。为保护公民通信权及个人信息权,位置数据调取不仅应遵循简单法律保留,还应符合比例原则的要求。《数据安全法》第三十五条以法律的形式对个人信息权和通信权进行了干预,遵循了简单法律保留,但是未区分数据类型,致使位置数据调取可能有违比例原则。为保护被调取人权利,可进一步限缩位置数据调取条件,并限制调取程序。

It has become the normal practice of investigation for public authorities to retrieve location data from third-party platforms,but the current legal system cannot provide sufficient rights protection for the retrieved persons.From the framework of analyzing basic rights restrictions,location data during a call falls under the protection scope of communication secrecy,while location data when not in a call belongs to the protection scope of personal information rights.Thus,location data retrieval constitutes an interference with the right to communication or the right to personal information.In order to protect citizens'communication rights and personal information rights,location data retrieval should not only follow the simple legal reservation,but also meet the requirements of the proportionality principle.Article 35 of the Data Security Law interferes with the right to personal information and the right to communication in the form of law,and follows the simple legal reservation.However,it does not distinguish the type of data so that the location data retrieval may violate the principle of proportionality.To protect the rights of the retrieved persons,it is possible to further restrict the conditions for obtaining location data and limit the acquisition procedures.