土司参加科举与科举制度对西南少数民族社会影响研究

AStudy on the Influence of Tusi’s Participation in the Imperial Examination and the Imperial Examination Systemon the Society of Ethnic Minorities in Southwest China

明至清初,朝廷以“土司无用流官之例”,不许土司参加科举考试。雍正朝大规模改土归流,大量土司被废除,土司制度日趋衰落。保留下来的土司,其权力受到严格限制,在此背景下,土司请求参加科举考试。雍正十三年,土司获准参加科举考试。作为少数民族首领的土司参加科举考试,推动了科举制度在西南少数民族社会的发展。科举制度在西南民族地区的推行,是中央王朝在文化领域推行一体化进程中的一部分,有利于多民族统一国家的巩固和发展。从另外一个层面来看,清代西南地区少数民族参加科举考试,扩大了科举制度推行的区域,丰富和发展了科举制度的内容,在一定程度上让科举制度焕发了生机与活力。

Fromthe Ming Dynasty to the early Qing Dynasty,the court prohibited the chieftains fromparticipating in the imperial exam-ination with the excuse of“Tusi need not followthe rule of appointment for other officers”.During the Yongzheng Dynasty,a large num-ber of Tusi officers were abolished and the Tusi systemgradually declined.The power of the retained Tusi was strictly restricted,and in this context,the Tusi officers requested to participate in the imperial examination.In the thirteenth year of the Yongzheng reign,the Tusi was allowed to participate in the imperial examination.The Tusi,as the leader of ethnic minorities,participated in the imperial examin-ation,which promoted the development of the imperial examination in southwestern ethnic minority society.The implementation of the imperial examination systemin the southwestern ethnic areas was a part of the central dynasty’s integration process in the cultural field,which was conducive to the consolidation and development of a multi-ethnic unified country.Fromanother perspective,the participation of ethnic minorities in the imperial examination systemin the southwestern region of the Qing Dynasty expanded the scope of its imple-mentation,enriched and developed the content of the imperial examination system,and to some extent,revitalized the system.