明代财政体系转型视野下的大工营建人力来源

A Study of the Sources of Manpower for Grand Constructions in the Ming Dynasty:A Financial System Transformation Perspective

明代中后期经历了深刻的财政体系转型,由大工营建人力来源变化,可窥见转型过程中遇到的矛盾与问题。明初匠户、民户、军户共同以徭役形式参与大工营建,其中匠户是主力。然而匠户制的萎缩与轮班匠折银,使参与营建的匠户数大减,军匠成为填补缺口的重要力量。其后军户参与大工营建程度日益加深,逐渐成为承役主体。明中后期京师班军、营军数量锐减,而大工营建日趋频繁,营建所需人力再次出现缺口,只得大量雇夫上工,由此产生了巨额的雇役费用。这些费用由谁支出,引发了工部与兵部的激烈争论。为解决费用问题,中央各部提出了协济、摊派与献纳共3种方案。大工营建人力成本的激增,提示在关注财政体系市场化、预算化程度加深的同时,也不应忽视其造成明代财政负担加重的一面。

The mid to late Ming Dynasty experienced a profound financial system transformation.An examination of the labor resources changes for grand constructions shows that there were contradictions and problems in such a transformation.In the early period of the Ming Dynasty,Artisans,commoners,and military householders jointly provided corvée for the grand constructions,while the artisans played the main role.When the registered artisan system declined,the craftsmen in the army became the significant force and more and more soldiers were used in the grand constructions.In the mid and late Ming period,the size of the troops placed in the capital area reduced greatly while the great construction projects increased.A large number of artisans were hired and that led to huge financial expenses.A fierce debate between the Ministry of Construction and the Ministry of Military occurred concerning the expenses.The financial system transformation caused by the development of market economy increase the financial burden of the Ming Dynasty.