自净半喂入花生育种试验小区摘果机设计与试验

Design and Test of Half-feed Peanut Fruit-Picking Machine for Breeding Plot

针对我国花生育种试验小区缺乏配套摘果机械的问题,设计出一种自净式花生育种试验小区摘果机。该摘果机的自净分离系统清种不停机、摘果对辊重叠距离可调,可一次性完成花生小区的摘果、分离、清选、自净作业。对整机和关键装置进行了分析与设计,并进行了样机试制和田间性能试验。选取山东省胶东地区大、中、小粒径主栽代表品种青花Y14、青花Y15、鲁花11号、花育9805、白沙、宇花91号进行单因素试验研究,试验结果表明:喂入量、摘果对辊重叠距离、转速为影响花生摘净率与损伤率的主要因素。以摘净率和损伤率为试验指标,进行二次回归正交组合试验得:大粒果在喂入量0.46kg/s、转速401r/min、对辊距离11mm时,摘净率为98.25%,破碎率为0.78%;中粒果在喂入量0.45kg/s、转速在397r/min、摘果对辊重叠距离2mm时,摘净率为98.46%,破碎率为0.87%;小粒果在喂入量0.3kg/s、对辊转速375r/min、摘果对辊重叠距离15mm时,摘净率为98.57%,破碎率为0.81%。三种粒径花生荚果1920次试验,在自净时间设置为10s时,自净率均为100%。同时,对含水率为(65±5)%与(15±5)%时的花生果进行摘果试验,得到(65±5)%含水率条件下的摘净率和破碎率均略低于(15±5)%含水率。综合考虑,建议含水率(65±5)%时摘果。田间试验结果表明,机器各关键部件工作稳定,作业效果满足花生育种试验小区的机械化摘果要求,且对不同尺寸的花生荚果具有良好的适应性。

Aiming at the problem of lack of matching fruit-picking machine in peanut breeding plot in China,a self-cleaning fruit-picking machine for peanut breeding plot was designed.The selfpurification separation system of the fruit-picking machine has the advantages of unceasing process while seed-cleaning and adjustable overlap distance of fruit-picking counter-rolls.It can accomplish the picking,separation,cleaning and self-purification operation simultaneously.The whole machine and key devices were analyzed and designed,and the field performance test of the tentative prototype was carried out.The main representative cultivated varieties with large,medium and small fruit sizes,Qinghua Y14,Qinghua Y15,Luhua11,Huayu9805,Baisha and Yuhua91,were selected for the single factor experiment study in Jiaodong region of Shandong Province.The trial results showed that the feeding amount,the overlap distance of the fruit-picking rollers and the rotation speed were the main factors affecting the peanut fruit-picking rate and the crushing rate.Taking the fruit-picking rate and crushing rate as the test indexes,the quadratic regression orthogonal combination test was carried out.The results showed that when the feeding amount of large-sized fruits was 0.46kg/s,the rotation speed was 401r/min,and the distance between the counter-rollers was 11mm,the fruit-picking rate was 98.25%,and the crushing rate was 0.78%.When the feeding amount of medium-sized fruits was 0.45kg/s,the rotation speed was 397r/min,and theoverlapping distance between the counter-rollers was 2mm,the fruit-picking rate was 98.46%and the crushing rate was 0.87%.When the feeding amount of small-sized fruits was 0.3kg/s,the rotation speed of therollers was 375r/min,and the overlap distance of the fruit-picking rollers was 15mm,the fruit-picking rate was 98.57%,and the crushing rate was 0.81%.The self-purification rate of 1,920peanutpods of three kernel sizes were 100% when the self-purification time was set to 10s.At the sametime,the peanut fruit with moisture content of(65±5)%and(15±5)%was tested,results showed that thenet removal rate and crushing rate under the condition of fruit moisture content of(65±5)%were slightly lowerthan that under the condition of fruit moisture content of(15±5)%.Considering comprehensively,it is recommended to pick the fruits while the fruit moisture content is(65±5)%.The results of field test showed that thekey components of the machine worked stably,and the operation effect met the requirement of mechanized fruitpicking in peanut breeding plot,and performed good adaptability to peanut pods of different sizes.