两难的困境:抗战时期的难民回流问题(1938—1940)

The Dilemma of Refugee Return during the War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression(1938—1940)

全面抗战时期难民的跨区域流动并不只是由沦陷区向后方的单向流动,在难民内迁的同时,1938年初即出现了难民返回沦陷区的回流现象。这种现象出现的原因,主要是难民在后方的生存危机以及日军以“怀柔”政策主动招引。难民的返乡本身是出于生存的再次抉择,但由于难民返乡在时间与空间上的特殊性,返乡被赋予了政治意义和现实意义:一是政治意义上“义民与顺民”的气节之争,二是牵涉到长期抗战背景下后方储备人力的现实需要。返乡难民的生存立场与国民政府的抗战立场,实际上是一个矛盾冲突的两难困境。这种矛盾冲突既反映了在直接的战争暴行之外,日本侵华对普通民众基本生存权利的侵害,同时也展现出了中国人民为抗日战争的最终胜利作出的巨大牺牲与贡献。

During the total war of resistance against Japanese aggression,the cross-regional flow of refugees was not simply a one-way flow from the occupied areas to the rear.While refugees moving inward,there was a phenomenon of refugee return back to the occupied areas in early 1938.The main reasons are the existent crisis of refugees in the rear area and the attraction from the conciliation policy of the Japanese army.The return of refugees itself is a re-decision for survival,but due to the particularity of time and space,their return was endowed with political and realistic significance.One was a test on refugees'integrity to be the righteous or obedient people,and the other was the practical need for manpower in the rear under the background of long-term war of resistance against Japanese aggression.The returning refugees'need for survival and the National Government's need for the resistance against Japanese aggression were actually a dilemma of conflicts.This contradiction and conflict not only reflects the infringement of ordinary people's basic survival rights by Japan's invasion,but also demonstrates the enormous sacrifices and contributions made by the Chinese people to the ultimate victory of the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression.