作为“非自然”的文化与自由之关系——基于马克思的视角

The Relationship between Culture as“Unnatural”and Freedom——From the Perspective of Marx

外延最大的“文化”意指“非自然”,这个文化与自由紧密关联。自由只在文化中,但并非所有文化都自由,还有一些文化不自由。行为文化即文化活动的样态细分为四类:自由的活动,异化的自由活动,遵从规范满足自然规定性需要的活动,作恶。人的先天因素的规定作用有一定限度,后天因素决定如何对待规范,这是个体须对自己行为负责的原因。作为活动产物的“非行为”文化包括物质、关系、制度和精神,其中物质文化是基础,制约着其他文化,而其他文化又反作用于物质文化。文化不能无主体运行,人不是在文化之外而是就在文化之内推动着文化发展。在合力的作用下,人类自我生成的本性必能压制住恶,一定会使自由活动充盈整个文化领域,实现全面自由。

The most extensive“culture”means“unnatural”,which is closely related to freedom.Freedom is only in culture,but not all cultures are free,and some cultures are not free.The patterns of cultural activities can be subdivided into four categories:free activities,alienated free activities,activities that comply with norms and meet the needs of nature,and doing evil.The prescriptive role of human innate factors is limited,and acquired factors detemmine how to treat norms,which is the reason why individuals should be responsible for their own behavior.As the product of activities,non-behavior culture includes material,relationship,system and spirit,of which material culture is the basis and restricts other cultures,while other cultures react on material culture.Culture cannot operate without subject,and people do not promote cultural development outside of culture but within it.Under the effect of joint forces,the self-generated nature of human beings will be able to suppress evil,and free activities will certainly fill the entire cultural field to achieve full freedom.