分层施肥对花生光合特性、产量及籽仁品质的影响

Effect of stratified fertilization on photosynthetic characteristics,yield and kernel quality of peanut

为探索适宜分层施肥方案,推进花生绿色生产,在田间条件下,以青花7号花生品种为供试材料,以农民常规施肥(750 kg·hm^(-2))和深松施肥为对照,系统研究二层和三层施肥下,常量施量、减肥10%和20%对花生光合特性、产量及品质的影响。结果表明,分层施肥可提高花生功能叶片净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度,降低胞间CO_(2)浓度,促进植株光合作用的进行;分层不减肥和分层减肥10%均显著提高了花生荚果产量、百果重、百仁重、双仁果率和出仁率,即使减肥20%,花生荚果产量在数值上仍略高于常规施肥;分层施肥改善了花生籽仁品质,提高了蛋白质、脂肪含量和油亚比。综上,分层施肥对花生光合特性、产量及籽仁品质有明显促进作用,相同施肥层次下,改善效果随施肥量降低而下降;相同施肥量条件下,二层与三层施肥效果相当。综合考量田间操作和实施效果,本试验条件下,推荐较优分层施肥方式为二层不减肥或减肥10%。

To explore suitable stratified fertilization,promote the green production of peanut,peanut variety′Qinghua 7′was used as the experimental material and with farmers’conventional fertilization and deep loosening fertilization as control,the effects of normal amount of fertilizer,10%and 20%of fertilizer reduction on photosyn-thetic characteristics,yield and quality of peanut were systematically studied under two-layer and three-layer fertil-ization modes.The results showed that stratified fertilization increased net photosynthetic rate,transpiration rate and stomatal conductance of peanut functional leaves,reduced intercellular CO_(2) concentration,promoted plant pho-tosynthesis.Stratified fertilization with no fertilizer reduction and 10%of fertilizer reduction significantly increased peanut pod yield,100-pod weight,100-kernel weight,double-kernel rate and kernel emergence rate;even if 20%of fertilizer reduction,the peanut pod yield was still slightly higher than that of conventional fertilization.Stratified fertilization improved the quality of peanut kernel and increased the content of protein,fat and oil ratio.In summary,stratified fertilization significantly promoted the photosynthetic characteristics,yield and kernel quality of peanut.Under the same fertilization level,the promoting effects decreased with the decreasing amount of fertilizer,and un-der the same amount of fertilizer,the effects of two-layer fertilization were similar with that of three-layer fertiliza-tion.Considering the field operation and the implementation effects,the optimal stratified fertilization mode was rec-ommended as two-layer fertilization with no fertilizer reduction and 10%of fertilizer reduction under the conditions of this experiment.