土地使用的概念及其术语渊源的辨析

DISCRIMINATION OF THE CONCEPT OF LAND USE AND THE ORIGIN OF ITS TERMS

土地使用是国土空间规划知识体系的核心概念,然而其存在普通词语与专业术语含义的区别,作为专业术语缺乏统一的清晰的定义,不足以支撑作为规范性科学的国土空间规划的学科建设需求,迫切需要一个精确定义的专业术语代替一般词语含义的“土地使用”。为此,本文对“土地”“使用”和“土地使用”概念进行分析,剖析“土地”符号的含义与物质实体的双重指向,溯源土地概念从“物质”“资源”到“空间”的三种传统;借助英文“use”的词义,区分“使用”作为动词所指的土地使用行为类型和作为名词所指的土地使用状态的含义,揭示出使用行为背后的限定性规则,包括正式的规则表达以及文化和习惯等制度背景,土地的使用与用途存在使用权这个普遍性的影响因素。深入辨析“使用”的“消耗”和“利用”两种含义以及“使用”作为一项权利的本质,区分“土地消耗”“土地利用”“土地开发”三种使用行为,并对国土空间规划下的土地使用概念体系的建构提出建议。

Land use is a core concept in the territorial planning knowledge system.However,there is a difference in the meaning of“land use”as a general word and as a term.As a term,it lacks a unified and clear definition,which makes it insufficient to support the disciplinary construction of territorial planning as a normative science.There is an urgent need for a precisely defined technical term to replace the general word of“land use”.Therefore,this paper analyzes the concepts of“land”,“use”,and“land use”respectively,examines the meaning and denotation of“land”,and traces the origin of the concept of land evolving from“substance”,to“resource”,and to“space”.By analyzing the meaning of the English word“use”,the paper distinguishes the differences in the usage of the word“use”as a verb and as a noun,with the former referring to the type of land use behavior and the latter referring to the status of land use.The findings reveal not only the restrictive rules behind the use behavior,including formal rule expressions and cultural and customary institutional background,but also the factor of right of use that generally influences land use.By discriminating the meanings of“use”(namely“to consume”and“to utilize”)and analyzing the essence of“use”as a right,this paper distinguishes three land use behaviors of“land consumption”,“land utilization”,and“land development”,and puts forward suggestions for the construction of the conceptual system of land use in the territorial planning.