云南江城县爬行动物多样性与保护现状

Diversity and Conservation Status of Reptiles in Jiangcheng County,Yunnan Province

云南江城县地处西双版纳生物多样性保护的优先区域,历史上未展开过全面系统的爬行动物资源调查。本研究于2019年5月至2020年9月期间,先后7次(5~10 d/月,8:00时至次日04:00时),调查江城县全域爬行动物多样性。调查采用固定样线法,共设置207条样线,每条长4km,本次调查共记录爬行动物2目17科39属51种,其中国家一级重点保护野生动物物种1种,圆鼻巨蜥(Varanus salvator),国家二级重点保护野生动物物种7种。本次调查发现2新种和1种中国分布新记录及1种云南分布新记录,新种为伯仲钝头蛇(Pareas geminates sp.nov)和滇南竹叶青蛇(Trimeresurus goui sp.nov),中国新记录种为老挝拟须唇蛇(Parafimbrios lao),云南新记录种为崇安斜鳞蛇(Pseudoxenodon karlschmidti)。通过分析发现,江城县爬行动物物种多样性丰富,该区分布的物种区系以东洋界为主,单属种较多,与喜马拉雅-横断山具有一定的联系。其6类生态型中,灌丛石隙型最丰富。垂直分布多样性最丰富的是山坡地带海拔700~1500 m。江城的地理位置以及气候与植被环境,是研究季雨林爬行动物多样性组成的典型区域,本次调查研究弥补了该地区爬行动物多样性文献资料的空白,建议未来维持现有的森林分布格局,加强对该地区爬行动物多样性的研究、监测和保护。

[Objectives]Jiangcheng is located in the priority area of biodiversity conservation in Xishuangbanna,where the diversity of reptiles is unclear and reptile resource survey is lack in history.Here,we conducted seven surveys for reptile diversity in Jiangcheng from May 2019 to September 2020.[Methods]Comprehensive surveys have been conducted to evaluate diversity of reptiles by using the fixed line transects method.A total of 207 survey lines were set up,covering a wide range of diverse habitats at different altitudes.The time span of each day is from 8:00 am to about 04:00 am of the next day.Collected specimens were brought back to the laboratory for identification.We use GrcGIS and Excel for data mapping and statistics.For data analysis,we used Berger-parker index(I)to determine dominant species,Margalef index(DMg)to determine species richness,and G-F index(DG-F)to analyze family and genus diversity.[Results]A total of 51 species of reptiles were recorded in Jiangcheng,which belong to 2 orders,17 families,and 39 genera.17species(33.3%)are endangered in China and one Class-I(1.9%)and 7 Class-II(13.7%)nationally protected reptiles were recorded.The dominant species are Hemidactylus bowringii(I=13.3%),Pareas macularius(I=11%),while the rare species are Platysternon megacephalum,Cyclemys oldhami,Varanus salvator and Python bivittatus in Jiangcheng.We found 2 newly identified species which are namely Pareas geminates and Trimeresurus goui.Two species were new records.One of them,Parafimbrios lao,is the new record in China and the other,Pseudoxenodon karlschmidti,is the new record in Yunnan Province.All species can be divided into 6 ecological types,which are residential(3.92%),arboreal(17.65%),bushwood rocky(45.10%),arboreal aquatic(23.53%),aquatic(5.88%)and soil(3.92%,Fig.2).Form the taxon of all,the Testudofomes have high dependence on the aquatic ecological environment,and the Lacertilia and Serpentes have a high dependence on the forest ecological environment.The soil and the residential type are endemic to the Serpentes and Lacertilia,respectively.The bushwood rocky has the highest richness index(DMg=3.548)with high species evenness and the best stability.On the contrary,residential(DMg=0.198)is the lowest richness index with low species evenness and poor stability(Table 1).The vertical distribution shows a certain regularity.The mountain slope(700﹣1500 m)has the most abundant species,with 47 species whereas the Piedmont ravine and the mountain top are less distributed,with 10 and 4 species(Fig.3).There are many species of single genus in reptiles(G=3.5065,F=8.4060).Species are mainly in the Oriental boundary,and has a relationship with the Himalayas-Hengduan Mountains.According to this survey,road killing is the most direct factor leading to the threat of reptiles,and 2/3 of the survey data comes from road killing,involving 35 species,especially Pareas macularius and Bungarus wanghaotingi.In addition,overharvesting has made some economically valuable species become rare,such as turtles and pythons.[Conclusion]Jiangcheng is rich in reptile species diversity,and this survey makes up for the gap in the literature on reptile diversity in this area.Jiangcheng is also a typical area of the biodiversity hotspot for studying the reptile diversity of rainforest.We suggest that the existing forest distribution pattern should be maintained,as well as keep studying,monitoring and conservation of reptile diversity into the future.