跨国史视角下的冷战终结

Explaining the End of the Cold War from the Perspective of Transnational History

关于冷战终结问题的研究不能仅仅考察相关国家政府的战略、政策和行动,还应该采用跨国史的视角关注非国家行为体的作用。以“帕格沃什科学与世界事务会议”“防止核战国际医生组织”“裁军与安全问题独立委员会”为代表的跨国组织参与塑造了美苏两国领导人的安全观念,推动美苏之间的地缘政治对抗和核军备竞赛走向终结。而以“赫尔辛基观察”为核心的跨国人权网络改变了苏联和东欧国家领导人的人权观念,缓解了东西方之间的意识形态对抗,促进了东欧剧变,推动了冷战的终结。对跨国力量的关注可以开辟很多新题材和新领域,将更多的行为体纳入学者的视野,拓展和深化对冷战终结问题乃至整个冷战进程的理解。

The study of the end of the Cold War should not only examine the strategies,policies and actions of relevant governments,but also focus on the role of non-state actors from the perspective of transnational history.Transnational organizations represented by the Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs,the International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War and the Independent Commission on Disarmament and Security Issues shaped the security concepts of Soviet and American leaders and pushed the geopolitical confrontation and nuclear arms race between the two countries to an end.The transnational human rights network with Helsinki Watch as the core changed the human rights concept of the leaders of the Soviet Union and Eastern European countries,alleviated the ideological confrontation between the East and the West,and promoted the dramatic change of the Soviet Union and the East Europe in late 1980s,thus ending the Cold War.The attention to transnational forces can open up many new topics and fields,bring more actors into the vision of scholars,expand and deepen the understanding of the end of the Cold War and even the whole Cold War process.