近代日本直输出事业之肇始、发展及影响——以茶叶对外贸易为例

The Origin,Development and Influence of Direct-Export Products in Japanese Modern Times:Taking Tea Trade as an Example

近代日本开港之后,本土货物出口到海外需要借助洋商之力,面临着贸易主导权被把控和操纵的问题。产业界力图摆脱这一局面,实现外贸自主化。为此,日本政府和产业界倡导发展直输出事业,就茶叶贸易而言,业界发起了三轮冲击:明治十年以后,茶叶产业界以静冈为中心,开启了第一波向外国直接出口的尝试,这时期的茶叶直输出会社以乡土地域为中心,存续时间短、自有资金少,需要借助第三方销售,最终失败;1880年代中期,日本开始在府县乃至更大范围内开展规模化联合,试图成立全国范围的日本制茶会社,以提高日本茶叶直输出能力;中日甲午战争以后,日本的再制茶公司直接向设在消费国的分支机构或日本开设的茶叶代理店供货,从而打通了外贸的全过程。20世纪初,日本制茶直输出事业已经呈现出繁荣景象,打压和挤占了外国商馆的茶叶贸易。在此过程中,各界的决心以及彼此的联合和协同至关重要。

After the opening of treaty ports in Japan,the export of local goods to overseas requires the channel of foreign merchants.The industrial community wanted to get rid of this dilemma and achieve trade autonomy.To this end,the Japanese government and industry advocated the development of direct export business.Ten years after the Meiji Restoration,the Japanese tea industry began the first attempt to export directly to foreign countries.During this period,the business is characterized by short existing time,lack of self-owned capital and heavy reliance on a third party.In the mid-1880s,Japan began to achieve large-scale alliances in prefectures and larger areas.After the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895,Japanese tea companies supplied tea to its branches or tea agencies overseas,taking back the dominance in trade.At the beginning of the 20th century,the direct export business of Japanese tea had shown a prosperous scene.The determination and cooperation among different parties in Japanese society had played a key role in this process.