梅洛-庞蒂的历史理论对西方马克思主义的启示

Merleau-Ponty’s Theory of History and Its Inspirations to Western Marxism

梅洛-庞蒂在历史问题中见证了现象学和马克思主义的融合,二者在人类关系的地基上相互关联,共同以理性危机为反思对象。他借鉴胡塞尔在生活世界分析中引出的历史问题,却发现胡塞尔的先验历史观包含着矛盾。他肯定卢卡奇在意识形态理论中提出的历史维度,认为历史进程为历史理论摆脱教条的马克思主义和胡塞尔的先验主义提供了可能。然而,这使他深陷相对主义的质疑,为了摆脱争议,他在历史唯物主义的现象学还原中转向肉身。肉身在历史性概念的深度关联中被阐明,它作为人类关系的起源揭示了历史性的生成。因此,历史生成论是历史唯物主义深度还原的结果,它使梅洛-庞蒂从胡塞尔的先验现象学转向肉身本体论,并为历史哲学的更新指出方向。

Merleau-Ponty witnessed the synthesis of phenomenology and Marxism in historical problems,which were interconnected at the basis of human relations and took the crisis of rationality as the chief objects for reflection.He referred to the issues of historicity raised by Husserl’s analysis on lifeworld,but found contradictions in Husserl’s transcendentalist view of history.He affirmed Lukacs’emphasis on the historical dimension in the theory of ideology,believing that the historical process provided the possibility for historical theory to expel dogmatic Marxism and Husserl’s transcendentalism.However,he was trapped in the questioning of being relativistic.In order to avoid controversy,he turned to the body in the phenomenological reduction of historical materialism.The body is articulated in the deep connection of the concept of historicity,which revealed the generativity of historicity as the origin of human relations.Therefore,the generative theory of history is the result of the profound reduction of historical materialism,which enabled Merleau-Ponty to turn from Husserl’s transcendental phenomenology to body ontology,and hence proposed a new orientation for the philosophy of history.