《汉志》小说与方士关系探原

Exploring the Relationship between the Han Zhi Novels and Alchemists

探究《汉志》小说与方士关系,关乎小说溯源及其原始形态的认定,需对其历史语境作出整体把握而非就事论事,亦不能为由文本出发的思维定势所局限。通过对“山川能说”的解读,尝试循着汉及以上时代人的历史记忆,追溯早期巫祀社会相关活动与方士及小说在制度上的联系。方士最初应该就是指以方祀与鬼神交通者,既如此,那么,其“说”既是一种与鬼神交通的仪式场合,又是一套向四方、山川神祇祝告的言辞行为,无论说形势、述古事,皆具有以第一人称讲述的现场表演性。诸如此类的表演内容在口传向书写转换的时代被记录下来,成为《汉志》这样相对具有理性化思维之文献分类体系中的“小说”。

Exploring the relationship between the novels in Han Zhi(《汉志》)and the alchemists of the occult is crucial to understanding the origins and original form of the novels.It is necessary to grasp the historical context as a whole,rather than focusing solely on the texts,and not be limited by preconceived notions.By interpreting the phrase“mountains and rivers can speak”,we can trace the early connections between the activities of the shamanic society and the practitioners of the occult and the novel in the system.The alchemists of the occult originally referred to those who communicated with ghosts and gods through rituals,and their“speech”was both a ritual occasion for communicating with ghosts and gods and a set of words and deeds for praying to the gods of the mountains and rivers in all directions.Whether describing current situations or ancient stories,such performances were presented in the first person.They were recorded in the era of oral transmission to writing and became“novels”in relatively rationalized documentary classification systems such as Han Zhi.