发达国家(地区)污染场地修复现状及对中国的启示

Status of remediation for contaminated sites in developed countries and regions and its enlightenment to China

综述美国、加拿大、英国、荷兰、日本等发达国家和中国台湾地区在污染场地修复方面的进展,包括立法、重点关注污染物、修复技术、修复资金来源和修复效果评估等。并将其与中国国情进行对比分析,以期为中国探索新时代土壤污染防治路径提供参考。结果表明,近年来,中国虽针对土壤污染防治进行了专门立法,污染地块的底数有望在详查后初步摸清,与发达国家和地区的差距显著缩小,但历史遗留地块修复仍存在政府兜底、粗放型技术占主导、效果评估周期长等现实问题。未来中国应以《土壤污染防治法》的贯彻落实为契机,结合土壤污染责任人认定和生态环境损害赔偿制度改革相关要求,通过责任追究、成效评估、损害赔偿等制度的落实,妥善解决修复资金难题,严格管控历史遗留污染风险,有效防控新增污染,构建污染地块风险管控和修复长效管理机制,实现环境、经济和社会效益的最大化。

Status on remediation of contaminated sites in developed countries and regions,such as the United States,Canada,the United Kingdom,the Netherlands,Japan,and Taiwan,were reviewed in this paper,including legislations,pollutants of concern,technologies,source of remediation funds,verification of remediation.Then,the similarities and differences of the five aspects in these five countries and Taiwan with China's Mainland were compared.The results showed that China had made special legislation for soil pollution prevention and control,the number of contaminated sites is expected to be initially figured out after the detailed soil survey,and the gap with developed countries and regions has been significantly reduced.However,it is still facing the fact that government is mainly responsible for the remediation of historical sites,extensive technology prevails and lone time-consuming verification of remediation.The implementation of the“Soil Pollution Prevention Law”should be taken as an opportunity,combined with the implementation of accountability,effectiveness evaluation,damage compensation and other systems,to properly solve the problem of remediation funds,strictly control historical pollution risks,effectively prevent and control new pollution,build a long-term management mechanism for risk management and restoration of contaminated sites,and maximize environmental,economic and social benefits.