楼兰出土毛织物所见双蛇杖图像分析

Analysis of the Caduceus Image on the Fragment of Woolen Textile in Loulan

20世纪初,斯坦因在楼兰古城发现一件毛织物,其上图像呈现出浓郁的古希腊罗马文化气息,引发学界关注。本文以织物所见保存较为完好的双蛇杖图像为线索,系统梳理了楼兰及其以西地区双蛇杖图像的发展谱系。认为楼兰织物双蛇杖图像杖头中部系平结、杖身无双翼,系古希腊罗马四种形式双蛇杖之一,主要流行于希腊化至罗马帝国时期。其自希腊化以来从地中海向东传播,在西北印度与中亚流行至贵霜王朝时期,继而进入楼兰。织物左侧人物像似头戴宽檐帽,很可能是双蛇杖持有者赫尔墨斯。右侧人物像残损过甚,却提示了双蛇杖持有者原初位于双身像或群像之中的重要信息,拉近了与古希腊罗马文化的关系,增加了织物图像粉本直接来自地中海周围的可能性。

At the beginning of the 20th century,Aurel Stein discovered a woolen fabric in the ancient city of Loulan.The image on it showed a strong atmosphere of ancient Greek and Roman culture,which aroused the attention of the academic circle.This paper takes the relatively well-preserved image of the caduceus as a clue,and systematically sorts out its development lineage.It is believed that the caduceus on the Loulan fabric has a Hercules knot in the middle of the head and no wings on the body.It is one of the four types of caduceus images in ancient Greece and Rome,and was mainly popular from the Hellenistic to the Roman Empire.This kind of image spread eastward from the Mediterranean Sea since the Hellenization,and was popular in Northwest India and Central Asia until the Kushan Dynasty,and then entered Loulan.In addition,the figure on the left side of the fabric seems to be wearing a wide-brimmed hat,and it is likely to be Hermes,the holder of the caduceus.The figure on the right is heavily damaged,but it reminds the important information that the holder of the caduceus was originally located in the double figure or group portrait,establishing closer connections with ancient Greek and Roman culture,and adding the possibility that the pigment of the image on the fabric originated from the surrounding Mediterranean region.