中美颠覆性技术创新机制比较以及对我国的启示——以基因编辑技术为例

Comparison of Disruptive Technological Innovation Mechanisms Between China and the United States and Its Enlightenment to China:Taking Gene Editing Technology as an Example

原创颠覆性技术更多在美欧等西方发达国家出现,我国鲜有原创颠覆性技术,颠覆性技术创新机制与环境的不尽相同是其中的主要原因。为此,以基因编辑技术这一典型颠覆性技术为例,从创新体系(主体)、技术转移扩散模式、技术创新阶段、立法监管、投融资环境、合作网络、创新成果质量和核心专利等8个方面,对中美两国颠覆性技术创新机制进行比较研究。结果表明:企业在美国创新体系中具有非常重要的作用,而我国企业的主体地位还未充分体现;美国产学研结合非常紧密,颠覆性技术成果从实验室到产业化的过程十分迅速;美国投融资体系相对更健全,初创公司的上市融资政策体系也相对更为完善;美国在相关领域的立法监管等较为严格,我国则相对宽松,因此我国往往在应用方面走在世界前列。由此得到启示:我国要进一步加快构建以企业为主体的创新体系,建立健全颠覆性技术发现与遴选机制,并完善对颠覆性技术的投融资支持机制。

Original disruptive technologies are more commonly found in developed Western countries such as the United States and Europe,while there are few original disruptive technologies in China.The main reason for this is the different innovation mechanisms and environments of disruptive technologies.In this regard,taking gene editing technology,a typical disruptive technology,as an example,this paper makes a comparative study on the disruptive technological innovation mechanism between China and the United States from eight aspects,including innovation system(main body),technology transfer and diffusion mode,technology innovation stage,legislation and regulation,investment and financing environment,cooperation network,quality of innovation results and core patents.The results show that enterprises play a very important role in the U.S.innovation system,while the main position of Chinese enterprises has not yet been fully reflected;the U.S.industry-academia-research combination is very close,and the process of disruptive technology achievements from laboratory to industrialization is very rapid;the U.S.investment and financing system is relatively more sound,and the listing and financing policy system of start-up companies is relatively more perfect;the United States is relatively strict in legislation and regulation in related fields,while China is relatively loose,so China is often at the forefront of the world in the application.The enlightenment from the above finding is that China should further accelerate the construction of an enterprise-oriented innovation system,establish the mechanism for discovering and selecting disruptive technologies,and improve the investment and financing support mechanism for disruptive technologies.