经学即理学:顾炎武对宋明理学的批判

Confucian Classics is Neo Confucianism:Gu Yanwu's Criticism of Neo-Confucianism

顾炎武对理学的批判,主要是对明代及清初之“伪理学”即阳明心学及其末流的批判,其主要论点是心学为经学之害、心学清谈误国、心学“不自知堕于禅学”和“外仁、外礼、外事以言心”。这些批判也附带着一些对于程朱之学的负面评价,不过这些负面评价,主要是认为《二程语录》《朱子语类》之类的语录在客观上给脱离经典而空言性与天道的心学之兴盛提供了适宜的条件,同时也认为程、朱的某些言论有涉禅之嫌和导向心学之可能,这反映出顾炎武的儒学发展思路不同于宋明理学家融合儒、释、道的儒学发展思路,而是主张在保持儒家文化的纯正性前提下来发展儒学和体现儒学的经世实用之功效,但在总体上顾炎武充分肯定了程朱理学“据经论理”的经学本性,并否认宋代理学与明代心学之间有必然联系。然而,在以“仁”为核心价值的儒家文化价值观上,顾炎武通过对儒家“性善”理念的重新诠释,又表达了其不同于以程、朱、陆、王为代表的理学家主张“存仁灭私”“存义灭利”的价值观:以“仁爱寓于私情”的观点为主要标识、反映明清之际时代要求的新仁学价值观。

Gu Yanwu's criticism of Neo Confucianism is mainly a criticism of the"pseudo Neo Confucianism"in the Ming Dynasty and the early Qing Dynasty,i.e.Yangming's philosophy of mind and its last class.His main arguments are:the philosophy of mind does harm to Confucian classics;idle talk misleads the country;the philosophy of mind falls into Zen unconsciously.These criticisms also come with some negative comments of Cheng and Zhu's studies.However,these negative comments mainly believe that the works such as"Er Cheng's Quotations"and"Zhu Zi's Analects"objectively provide suitable conditions for the flourishing of the mind study that deviates from the classics which is empty talk about heaven.At the same time,it is also believed that some of Cheng and Zhu's remarks have a suspicion of Zen involvement and the possibility of guiding the mind study,This reflects that Gu Yanwu's thought on the development of Confucianism is different from that of Song and Ming Neo Confucianism,which is the integration of Confucianism,Buddhism and Taoism.Instead,Gu Yanwu advocates developing Confucianism on the premise of maintaining the purity of Confucian culture and embodying the practical effect of Confucianism.However,on the whole,Gu Yanwu fully affirms the Confucian nature of Cheng–Zhu school,and denies that there is an inevitable link between Song Neo Confucianism and Ming Neo Confucianism.However,with"benevolence"as the core value of the Confucian cultural values,Gu Yanwu,by reinterpreting the Confucian concept of"good nature",also expressed his values different from those of the Neo Confucianism represented by Cheng,Zhu,Lu and Wang,who advocated"preserving benevolence and eliminating selfishness"and"preserving righteousness and eliminating benefits":the new values of benevolence that reflected the requirements of the times between the Ming and Qing dynasties were mainly marked by the idea of"benevolence and eliminating selfishness".