论东林学派对心学狂禅的救弊及影响

On the Disadvantages and Influence of Donglin School on the Mind Study Zen

明清之际的经世之学风非外来影响,而是源自东林学派的流风余韵。心学至明末阳明后学而有狂禅空谈心性、游谈无根之弊,尤其是黄宗羲所指的泰州、龙溪两派,其中又以泰州为最。泰州学派倡导率性、自然,人人自许为圣人,对于自然欲望进行了肯定,走向了极端自由主义、功利主义,使得这种观念风行天下,其极端者为李贽,他反对名教,喜好数术,甚至为盗贼、佞臣张目。此后受到了东林学风的扭转,东林学派强调下学上达,家国天下一体。东林学派通过裁量人物、訾议国政,以清议而影响国政、时事,有扭转风气之功。其代表顾宪成、高攀龙等兼采朱陆,对于阳明四句教进行修正,提出良知为天道,强调格物致知工夫,主张经世致用,与世为体,为明清之际经世学风转变之先河。

In Ming and Qing Dynasties,the study style of Confucian classics was not influenced by external factors,but originated from the lingering charm of Donglin School.From the end of Ming Dynasty to the later period of Ming Dynasty,there were some disadvantages,such as talking about the mind without root,especially the two schools,Taizhou and Longxi,that Huang Zongxi referred to,among which Taizhou was the most typical.Taizhou School advocates frankness and naturalness,and everyone considers himself to be a saint.It affirms the natural desire and goes to extreme liberalism and utilitarianism,which makes this idea popular all over the world.Li Zhi is the extreme.He opposes famous religion,likes numeracy,and even stands up for thieves and sycophants.Being changed by the learning style of Donglin School,which emphasized the integration of family,country and the world,Donglin school,through judging people and criticizing the State Administration,influences the administration and current affairs through clear deliberation,which has the effect of reversing the atmosphere.The representatives,Gu Xiancheng,Gao Panlong,and so on,adopted Zhu Lu to revise the four sentence teaching of Yangming,put forward the idea that conscience is the way to heaven,emphasized the work of knowing things,advocated the application of the world,and the world as a whole,which was the forerunner of the change of the learning style of the world during the Ming and Qing Dynasties.