观赏枣开花生物学特性研究

Study on Flowering Biological Characteristics of Ornamental Jujube

【目的】对观赏枣的开花生物学特性进行研究,以期为提高观赏枣开花坐果管理技术及为观赏枣推广适栽范围的规划提供理论依据。【方法】以食用兼观赏品种葫芦枣、磨盘枣和普通品种壶瓶枣为试材,采用定株、定枝、定花、定时观察法,开展观赏枣开花生物学特性的调查研究,并运用生长度时数模型(GDH℃)和有效积温模型(D℃)对其开花所需积热量进行估算。【结果】3个枣品种开花均为昼开型。在子房膨大期壶瓶枣柱头形状发育为三角形,磨盘枣为平顶圆形,而葫芦枣为细长圆锥形出现溢痕雏形,表现差异明显。枣吊花序着花率从高到低排序为葫芦枣>磨盘枣>壶瓶枣,着花率越高的品种、蕾裂时间越晚,而且花面积越小蜜盘占比越大。运用生长度时数模型估算3个品种花朵开放所需生长度时数在19288.5~19426.5 GDH℃,与蕾裂时间、蕾裂温度及初花期均呈显著负相关,说明枣树开花所需积热量较其他果树品种要高。有效积温模型估算3个品种开花所需积热量由高到低排序为葫芦枣(55.23 D℃)>磨盘枣(42.25 D℃)>壶瓶枣(39.39 D℃),积热量高的枣品种开花相对较晚。【结论】运用有效积温模型估算观赏枣开花积热量更加切合田间实际,且简便快捷。

【Objective】In this study,the flowering biological characteristics of ornamental jujube were studied,this can provide theoretical basis for improving flowering and fruit-setting management techniques and promoting ornamental jujube in suitable planting areas.【Methods】Two ornamental jujube cultivars‘Huluzao’and‘Mopanzao’,and one local main variety‘Hupingzao’were used as experimental materials,the flowering biological characteristics were investigated by observing fixed trees,branches,and flowers at regular times.The cumulative heat required for flowering was estimated by Growth Degree Hour model(GDH℃)and Effective Accumulated Temperature model(D).【Results】The results showed that the flowering of the three cultivars was diurnal.In the stage of ovary enlargement,the stigma shape of‘Hupingzao’was triangular,‘Mopanzao’was discoid,and‘Huluzao’was slender cone,with incipient constriction.There were obvious differences among the three cultivars.The number of flowers in the inflorescence of‘Huluzao’was the largest,followed by‘Mopanzao’and‘Hupingzao’.The more flowers in the inflorescence,the later the buds burst;and the smaller the flower area,the large the proportion of honey dish.The growth degree hours estimated by the Growth Degree Hour model were between 19288.5~19426.5 GDH℃,which was significantly negatively correlated with the buds burst time,buds burst temperature and initial flowering stage.This indicates that the cumulative heat required by jujube flowering was higher than that of other fruit trees.According to the Effective Accumulated Temperature model,the heat accumulation required by flowering of the three cultivars were as follows:‘Huluzao’(55.23D℃)was the highest,‘Mopanzao’(42.25D℃)was second,and‘Hupingzao’(39.39 D℃)was the lowest.Jujube varieties with high heat accumulation requirements bloom relatively late.【Conclusion】Using Effective Accumulated Temperature model to estimate the heat accumulation of ornamental jujube flowering is not only more consistent with the actual situation in the field,but simple and quick.