《伊森格林姆》作为宗教讽刺的野兽诗歌:列那狐与伊森狼(一)

Ysengrimus as Religious Satire:The Beast Poetry of Renart and Ysengrimus(Part One)

中世纪拉丁语野兽诗歌《伊森格林姆》一般被认为是古法语《列那狐传奇》的直接来源之一。本文经过结构分析指出,《伊森格林姆》是一首自足完备的嘲讽性模仿史诗。首先,它讲述其反面主角的兴亡事迹,而不是如《列那狐传奇》那样的动物故事集。其次,它讽刺的对象不只是一般修士的贪婪,而是特定的当时人物,如明谷的伯尔纳与教皇尤金三世,因而隐含着更具体和深刻的批判意义。诗人以嘲讽模仿圣经与圣礼的颠覆手法刻意把神圣语言与邪恶现实作对比,对伯尔纳的第二次十字军东征和圣战宣传提出了尖刻的批评,留下了极其稀有的时代见证,而这也使其成为中世纪最有研究价值的拉丁诗歌之一,值得学者更加关注。

The medieval Latin beast epic Ysengrimus has mainly been treated as one of the immediate sources of the Old French Roman de Renart.The first part of this paper will analyze its structure and show that it is an integral mock-epic about the fall and destruction of the anti-hero instead of a collection of beast stories like the latter.Although its satire upon monastic greed is generally recognized,the implications of specifically targeting Bernard of Clairvaux and Pope Eugenius Ⅲ remain unexplored by scholars.By focusing on the poet’s parody of sacred texts and rites and deliberate contrast between holy language and unholy reality,the second part will argue that he has left us a rare but crucial document in the contemporary critique of Bernard’s Holy War and Second Crusade propaganda.His far-sightedness marks Ysengrimus as one of the most significant Latin poems of the Middle Ages.