新生代农民工高质量就业:政策演化、理论逻辑与国际经验

High-quality Employment for the New Generation of Migrant Workers in China:Policy Evolution,Theoretical Logic and International Experience

保障新生代农民工群体的高质量就业是推进农民市民化和共同富裕的重要内容之一。新冠疫情发生以来,新生代农民的就业质量出现了诸多问题,备受关注。本文在梳理中国新生代农民工城市就业历史政策演化的基础上,给出保障新生代农民工高质量就业的内在理论逻辑,利用CMDS2018数据分析新生代农民工的就业现况与特征,选择美国、巴西、日本、印度等典型代表性国家进行国际经验总结。研究结果表明:①新生代农民工进城务工就业政策演化经历了“完善就业保障→推进职业培训→强化乐业融入”的过程。②保障新生代农民工高质量就业的内在理论逻辑是实现职业技能、收入水平提升和农民市民化的本质要求。③职业技能和受教育水平反映的人力资本质量偏低是影响新生代农民工高质量就业的主要内因,就业稳定性差、就业行业面窄和区域性跨度大是新生代农民就业的重要特征。④总结出美国措施、巴西方案、日本模式、印度经验等国际经验,各国都注重农民工的教育培训、社会保障和公共服务均等。基于此,本文提出保障中国新生代农民工高质量就业的几点措施:加强新生代农民工新职业新技术培训,提高就业质量;完善新生代农民工的社会保障体系,稳定就业时限;逐步提升新生代农民工理论素养,增加就业潜力。

Ensuring high-quality employment of the new generation of migrant workers(NGMW)is an important part of promoting the citizenization of farmers and common prosperity.Since the outbreak of COVID-19,the employment quality of migrant workers has been a hot topic.On the basis of combing the evolution of Chinese migrant workers’employment policies,this paper gives the specific connotation of the NGMW and the internal theoretical logic to ensure their high-quality employment,and uses the data of CMDS2018 to analyze the employment status of the NGMW.The results show that:①The policy evolution of migrant workers’employment in cities has gone through a process of“improve employment security→promote vocational training→strengthen the integration of happiness and industry”.②The internal logic of ensuring the high-quality employment of the NGMW is the essential requirement of realizing the improvement of vocational skills,income level and citizenization of farmers.③The low quality of human capital reflected by vocational skills and education level is the main internal cause,while the poor employment stability,narrow employment industry and restricted employment area are the important external causes.④According to the relevant policies of representative countries,it summarizes the United States measures,the Brazilian program,the Japanese model,and the Indian experience,etc.All countries attach great importance to the equality of education and training,social security and public services.Based on this,this paper puts forward the following suggestions to ensure the high-quality employment of the NGMW in China:strengthening the training of the NGMW in new occupations and new technologies to improve the quality of employment;improving the social security system for the NGMW and stabilize the time limit for employment;gradually improve the theoretical literacy of the NGMW and increase their employment potential.