亚·别利亚耶夫科幻小说之哥特主题探析

On the Gothic Theme of A. Belyaev’s Science Fiction

亚·别利亚耶夫是俄罗斯(包括苏联)著名的科幻作家,有“苏联科幻之父”和“俄罗斯的凡尔纳”之称。别利亚耶夫的科幻作品不仅在俄罗斯得以多次再版和研究,同时在中国科幻发展初期乃至今天仍被大量引进、翻译和再版。俄罗斯科幻小说自诞生之日起,就具有明显的哥特色彩。别利亚耶夫的科幻创作正是沿袭了俄罗斯文学传统中的哥特幻想特点,并在此基础上对科学伦理问题进行了深入的探讨和反思。作家主要通过运用黑暗、死亡等传统哥特元素去构建独特的精神实验场域。在这里人类恐惧的不再仅仅是经典的哥特环境,更多的是成为这种场景的未知科学力量。此外,别利亚耶夫的科幻小说不仅同《弗兰肯斯坦》一样具有哥特色彩,同时也延续了后者提出的“科学怪人”问题。尤其是在近期国内科幻研究热潮的影响之下,在科技飞速发展带来的系列问题面前,别利亚耶夫科幻小说中的“弗兰肯斯坦”启示——科学伦理和人类主体地位问题等——愈来愈有研究价值和警示意义。

A.Belyaev(1884-1942)was a famous science fiction writer in Russia(including the former Soviet Union),known as the“Father of Soviet Science Fiction”and“Russian Verne”.Belyaev’s science fiction works have been reprinted and studied many times in Russia,and have been widely introduced,translated and reprinted in China during the early development of science fiction and even today.Since its birth,Russian science fiction has had a distinct Gothic color.Belyaev’s science fiction writing follows the Gothic fantasy characteristics of the Russian literary tradition and deeply explores and reflects on scientific ethical issues on this basis.The writer mainly uses traditional Gothic elements such as darkness and death to construct a unique spiritual experimental field.Here,what humans fear is no longer just the classic Gothic environment,but more the unknown scientific forces that cause this scene.In addition,Belyaev’s science fiction novels not only have a Gothic color like“Frankenstein”,but also continue the“scientific monster”problem raised by the latter.Especially under the influence of the recent domestic science fiction research boom,in the face of a series of problems brought about by the rapid development of technology,the“Frankenstein”enlightenment in Belyaev’s science fiction novels-scientific ethics and human subjectivity issues-are becoming more and more valuable for research and warning.