播期对小麦子粒品质和产量性状的影响

Effect of Sowing Date on Grain Quality and Yield Traits of Wheat

研究播期对冬小麦子粒品质和产量性状的影响,可以明确气候条件变化下产量与品质协同提高的适宜播期。2017~2019年于不同的气候年型下连续2 a在河北藁城进行大田试验,播期设9月25日、10月5日、10月15日、10月25日和11月4日5个处理,分析不同气候年型下各播期处理的小麦子粒品质和产量性状变化。结果表明:播期对子粒品质影响较大,不同气候年型规律不一致,其中,在重度干热风年型,10月5日前播种子粒灌浆充足,品质较高;而在普通的干旱年型,10月15日播种子粒品质较高,包括较高的子粒粗蛋白含量、湿面筋含量、沉淀指数、稳定时间、容重和硬度。小麦10月5~15日播种,后期旗叶叶绿素含量保持较高水平,产量和收获指数均较高。冬前≥0℃积温为410~549℃时,小麦单位面积穗数较多,穗粒数适中;积温为733℃时,小麦单位面积穗数降低;积温为279℃时,穗数和穗粒数均降低。10月15日适期晚播对小麦穗部性状影响不大;但播期继续推迟,穗部性状变差,表现为穗长明显缩短,10粒以下小穗数、不孕小穗数和不孕小穗比例增加。本试验条件下,小麦10月5~15日播种可获得较高的产量和子粒品质,该研究为气候变暖背景下冬小麦适期晚播技术提供了依据。

Studying the effect of sowing date on the grain quality and yield traits of winter wheat can clarify the optimal sowing date for synergistic improvement of yield and quality under changing climate conditions.From 2017 to 2019,field experiments were conducted in Gaocheng,Hebei Province for two consecutive years under different climate year types.The sowing dates were set for five treatments:September 25th,October 5th,October 15th,October 25th,and November 4th.The changes in grain quality and yield traits of wheat under different climate year types were analyzed.The results showed that sowing date had a significant effect on the grain quality,and the patterns of different climate year types were inconsistent.Among them,in severe dry and hot wind year types,seeds sown before October 5th had sufficient filling and higher quality.In ordinary dry year types,the quality of seeds sown on October 15th was higher,including higher grain crude protein contetnt,wet gluten content,sedimentation index,stability time,bulk density,and hardness.Wheat was sown from October 5th to 15th,and the chlorophyll content in flag leaves remained at a high level at the later stage,resulting in higher yield and harvest index.When the accumulated temperature before winter was逸0℃and ranged from 410℃to 549℃,wheat had more panicles per unit area and a moderate number of grains per panicle.When the accumulated temperature was 733℃,the number of panicles per unit area of wheat decreased.When the accumulated temperature was 279℃,both the number of panicles and the number of grains per panicle decreased.The appropriate late sowing date on October 15th had little effect on the panicle traits of wheat,but the sowing date continued to be postponed,resulting in poorer panicle traits,panicle length significantly shortened,the number of spikelets below 10 increased,and sterile spikelets and its proportion increased.Under the conditions of this experiment,sowing from October 5th to 15th can achieve higher yield and grain quality of wheat.This study provides a basis for the suitable late sowing technology of winter wheat under the background of climate warming.