生物有机肥替代化肥对小麦产量和品质以及土壤质量的影响

Effects of Replacing Chemical Fertilizers with Bio-organic Fertilizers on Wheat Yield and Quality and Soil Quality

探究生物有机肥替代化肥对小麦产量品质及土壤养分状况的影响,可以为小麦高产优质、土壤培肥提供科学的施肥方案。2017~2021年在河北省黑龙港区采取定点大田试验,施肥方式设普通施肥(100%化肥,掺混肥750 kg/hm^(2))、有机肥替代20%化肥(有机无机复混肥600 kg/hm^(2))、有机肥替代50%化肥(掺混肥375 kg/hm^(2)+纯发酵生物有机肥1406.25 kg/hm^(2))、有机肥替代全部化肥(100%有机肥,纯发酵生物有机肥2812.50 kg/hm^(2))4个处理,研究了生物有机肥替代化肥比例对小麦产量和品质,以及土壤碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾和有机质含量的影响。结果表明:与普通施用化肥相比,生物有机肥替代部分化肥可以提高小麦子粒产量,但不利于提高子粒品质,其中用生物有机肥替代20%化肥处理效果最好,增产(23.09%)显著,子粒的16种氨基酸总含量有所提高,蛋白质含量降幅最小。随着施用生物有机肥年限的增加,生物有机肥替代化肥处理有利于土壤碱解氮和有机质含量的提高,且有机质含量随着有机肥代替化肥比例的增大和有机肥施用年限的增长而逐渐提高。综合考虑小麦高产优质、提高土壤质量的施肥管理模式,认为用生物有机肥替代20%的化肥是可行的。

Exploring the effects of replacing chemical fertilizers with bio-organic fertilizers on wheat yield,quality,and soil nutrient status can provide a scientific fertilization plan for high yield and quality of wheat and soil fertility.From 2017 to 2021,fixed-point field experiments were conducted in Heilonggang,Hebei Province.The fertilization methods included conventional fertilization(100%chemical fertilizer and mixed fertilizer 750 kg/hm^(2)),organic fertilizer replacing 20%chemical fertilizer(organic inorganic compound fertilizer 600 kg/hm^(2)),organic fertilizer replacing 50%chemical fertilizer(mixed fertilizer 375 kg/hm^(2)+pure fermented bio-organic fertilizer 1406.25 kg/hm^(2)),and organic fertilizer replacing all chemical fertilizers(100%organic fertilizer and pure fermented bio organic fertilizer 2812.50 kg/hm^(2)).The effects of the proportion of bio-organic fertilizers replacing chemical fertilizers on wheat yield and quality,as well as the content of soil alkali hydrolyzed nitrogen,available phosphorus,available potassium,and organic matter were studied.The results showed that compared with conventional fertilizer application,replacing some fertilizers with bio-organic fertilizers could increase wheat grain yield,but was not conducive to improving grain quality.Among them,replacing 20%fertilizers with bio-organic fertilizers had the best effect,with a significant increase in yield(23.09%),an increase in the total content of 16 amino acids in grains,and a minimum decrease in protein content.As the years of applying bio-organic fertilizers increase,the replacing chemical fertilizers with bio-organic fertilizers is beneficial for the improvement of soil alkali hydrolyzed nitrogen and organic matter content,and the organic matter content gradually increases with the increase of the proportion of replacing chemical fertilizers with organic fertilizers and the increase of the years of applying organic fertilizers.Taking into account the fertilization management model of high yield and quality wheat and improving soil quality,it is considered feasible to replace 20%of chemical fertilizers with bio-organic fertilizers.