部门宪法划分的双重基础——以结构功能主义和社会系统论为视角

On the Dual Basis of Sectoral Constitutional Divisions--The Perspective of Structural Functionalism and Social Systems Theory

我国现有对部门宪法划分的探讨或拘泥于宪法文本架构,或照搬社会学理论,存在不同程度的不足,从而导致了部门宪法学理建构的困境。准确界定部门宪法中“部门”的概念有助于讨论部门宪法的划分。部门宪法划分的社会基础是社会系统。作为社会子系统的“部门”由“行为互动”模式和“沟通关联”模式形成,而社会分工、吸引子、社会功能和符码则为社会系统提供划分标准。部门宪法划分的规范基础是宪法文本。划分部门宪法应以部门宪法释义学为理论基础,观察宪法从国家向社会层面渗透的历史进程。社会子系统之间的冲突、社会子系统的自我再制和宪治化趋势共同导致社会子系统被宪法规制的需要。应以宪法基本国策引导部门宪法的划分。当前我国需要将宪法领域划分为政治宪法、经济宪法、文化宪法、环境宪法、教育宪法、科技宪法等6个部门宪法。

The existing discussions on the division of sectoral constitutions are either bound to the structure of constitutional texts or copied from sociological theories,with varying degrees of deficiency,thus leading to the dilemma of constructing a doctrine of sectoral constitutions.A precise definition of the concept of“sector”in sectoral constitutions is helpful in discussing the division of sectoral constitutions.The social basis for the division of sectoral constitutions is the social system.The“sector”as a social subsystem is formed by the“act-interaction”model and the“communication-association”model,while the social division of labour,the attractor,the social function and the symbols provide the criteria for the division of the social system.The division of labour,attractors,social functions,and codes provide the criteria for the division of social systems.The normative basis for the division of sectoral constitutions is the constitutional text.The division of sectoral constitutions should be theoretically based on sectoral constitutional hermeneutics,observing the historical process of constitutional penetration from the state to the social level.Conflicts between social subsystems,their self-regulation and the tendency to constitutionalise them together lead to the need for them to be regulated by the constitution.The division of sectoral constitutions should be guided by the basic constitutional state policy.At present,it is necessary to divide the constitution into six sectoral constitutions:political constitution,economic constitution,cultural constitution,environmental constitution,educational constitution and scientific and technological constitution.