秦汉以降“大一统”秩序的华夷交融演进

Evolution of China-Ethnic Minority Integration under the Order of"Grand Unificatio"after Qin and Han Dynasties

秦汉“中国一统”,首次以单一式的“车同轨,书同文,行同伦”及郡县官僚制管辖编民,将黄河中下游与长江中下游农耕区整合为一体,为汉唐文明的辉煌及辐射周边提供了必要的政治秩序及演进基础。元明清“华夷一统”囊括中土和塞外,形成了华夷多元的复合共同体。先有自元朝肇始的制度、文化、族群复合式的“华夷混一”,继而是明成祖争夺主导权未果及朝野“华夷一统”说辞连篇累牍,最后是清统治者对“华夷”二字讳莫如深却有了较成熟的“华夷一统”之实。前所未有的交融“混一”,激发了吴澄等有识之士对“华夷一统”复合式中国的文化认同。由于元明清“华夷一统”的演进,复合式共同体的中国由“小”变“大”,多民族统一国家、中华文明结构及传统王朝序列等在新时空格局下皆得到了相应的完善升华。

The Qin and Han dynasties brought China"Grand Unification."For the first time,China was ruled on the basis of a uniform script,standardized axle width,and uniform ethical code,together with a bureaucratic system of prefectures and counties and the integration of the farming areas in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River and the Yangtze River.This provided the essential political order and evolutionary basis for the glory of the Han and Tang civilizations and their radiation to surrounding areas.Under the Yuan,Ming,and Qing dynasties,the"unity of Chinese and non-Chinese(hua-yi)"covered the Central Plains and the area beyond the Great Wall,shaping a diverse composite community.From the start of the Yuan dynasty,there was a policy of"no distinction between hua and yi"in relation to systems,cultures and clans.Subsequently,during the unsuccessful struggle for dominance by Ming Emperor Chengzu,there was endless discussion of hua and yi within and outside the court.Finally,the Qing rulers never uttered the words"hua and yi"but in practice there was a mature de facto"hua-yi unity."The unprecedented"no distinction between hua and yi"reform inspired Wu Cheng and other insightful observers to recognize the composite cultural identity of hua-yi unity.Due to the evolution of hua-yi unity throughout the Yuan,Ming,and Qing dynasties,China as a composite community grew from"small"to"large."The multi-ethnic unified state,the structure of Chinese civilization,and the traditional dynastic sequence were all correspondingly improved and sublimated within the new spatial and temporal context.