高密度建成环境与公共健康的关联研究综述

Research Review on the Relationship between High-Density Built Environment and Public Health

城市土地资源稀缺与大量空间需求的矛盾促成了大城市的高密度发展态势,而高密度城区在紧凑集约使用土地和提供完善基础设施的同时,也引发和加剧了一系列公共健康问题,新冠疫情的爆发更是引起了人们对城市建成环境的重视和思考。通过梳理国内外相关研究成果,借助Citespace软件进行文献汇总和可视化分析,基于高密度建成环境的高人口密度和高建筑密度的基本特征,从气候环境、传染性疾病、慢性病、体力活动和心理健康五个维度归纳了高密度环境要素对公共健康的作用路径和影响结果,并从土地利用、空间形态、道路交通、开敞空间四类空间要素总结了相应的规划设计策略。以期从规划设计的角度优化高密度城区的公共健康问题,打造舒适安全、健康宜人的城市环境。

The high-density development trend in large cities exists due to the contradiction between the urban land shortage and great demands for space.Facing the great population pressure and restricted land increase,high-density development mode can improve urban land utilization.It conforms to the realistic conditions of many cities in China where there are more people and fewer land resources.However,it changes the living environment and lifestyle except for intensive land use and providing complete infrastructures.As a result,urban residents face several new health challenges,such as climate environmental risks,infectious diseases,chronic diseases,insufficient physical activities,and psychological health.In the post-epidemic era and under the strategic background of promoting a healthy China,it is more necessary to integrate health into all policies from urban planning to construction and then manage and explore the influences and acting paths of high-density built environment on public health.This study focuses on the relationship between high-density built environment and public health.China National Knowledge Infrastructure and core collections of the Science Citation Index(SCI) were used as the data sources.The research results concerning "high-density","built environment",and "public health" were searched.A total of 271 studies conforming to the research topic were screened as the research basis of this study through titles,keywords,abstractw,and text.After in-depth reading of these studies,literature data visualization was implemented by using CiteSpace.The discipline foundation,research cores,and hotspots related to high-density built environment and public health were reviewed.Three major conclusions could be drawn.First,high-density development has become a common development mode of large and medium-sized cities in China due to some practical problems,such as urban construction land shortage,high population concentration,and a fragile ecological environment.It is characteristic of high residential density,high usage density,high social density,high floorarea ratio,high building coverage,and low ratio of open spaces.Second,the effects of high-density built environment on public health are mainly manifested in five aspects:climate environment,infectious diseases,physical activity,chronic diseases,and psychological health.Specifically,climate environment includes wind,thermal,atmospheric,and acoustic environments.Infectious diseases include the source of infection,mode of transmission,and susceptible population.Physical activity includes leisure,transportation,housework,and working activities.Chronic diseases include obesity,cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases,and diabetes.Psychological health includes happiness,depression,anxiety,stress,and social adaptation.Third,public health-oriented high-density urban planning and design strategies are mainly reflected in four aspects:land use,spatial form,road traffic,and open space.Specifically,land use includes land composition,land layout,and degree of land mix.Spatial morphology includes planar texture morphology and three-dimensional spatial morphology.Road traffic mainly includes travel modes,motor traffic,and slow traffic.Open space mainly includes green space and street space.The influences and acting paths of high-density built environments on public health are summarized based on the basic characteristics of high-density built environments.The relevant planning design strategies are summarized to optimize public health problems in high-density urban areas from the perspective of planning design and create comfortable,safe,healthy,and pleasant urban environments.