空间分析方法在基于自然的解决方案中的应用——研究进展综述

Application of Spatial Analytical Methods to Nature-based Solutions:Review of Research Progress

在生态文明建设的背景下,基于自然的解决方案(NbS)作为一门快速发展的理论备受生态修复的关注,但是其对接规划的关键环节——应用于空间落位的分析评价方法仍是实践中的重点和难点。结合定量(CiteSpace)与定性的文献分析法,追踪空间分析应用于NbS的研究进展,包括应用场景、技术方法、尺度等。结果显示,相关研究主要聚焦于生境状态和压力评价;研究场景多涉及水环境和城市更新等场景;空间分析的技术方法包括生态系统服务评价、水文模型、景观指数、公众参与地理信息系统(PPGIS)等。相关研究多关注城市及以下尺度,但在不同尺度下分析对象和分析方法有较大差异。基于分析结果可知,为使NbS理论更好地应用于生态修复的空间决策(1)应根据NbS的步骤及范式,针对性地选择空间分析方法;(2)令NbS的空间分析主动对接“双评价”等其他规划技术模块;(3)将新技术和新方法融入NbS空间分析,并加强对生态修复“需求端”的空间评价,重点考虑所涉人群的社会经济状况和需求偏好等。

In the context of ecological civilization construction in China,"Nature-based Solution"(NbS) attracts significant attention to ecological restoration as a theory that is developed quickly.However,the critical link of the connection plan-application to spatial location analysis and evaluationstill faces challenges in practice.This study explores the research progress of spatial analysis in NbS through a literature review and summarizes critical contents,including challenges,themes,technical methods,and scales.It is expected to provide support to spatial decision-making for ecological restoration.The research progress in applying spatial analysis to NbS was explored by combining qualitative and quantitative methods.The following steps are introduced:(1) Determine the research concepts and retrieve literature;(2) Conduct a quantitative analysis on hotspot evolution and theme clustering by using CiteSpace;(3) Conduct deep qualitative analysis of important studies and classify applications of spatial analysis to NbS according to different ways,including major contents,technical methods and scale,and corresponding keys and difficulties;(4) Three enlightenments are proposed based on literature review results.Therefore,the review contents were organized in multiple ways.Firstly,evaluation objects of spatial analysis were reviewed by the Driver-PressureState-Impact-Response(DPSIR) framework,and spatial analysis in NbS was understood from the planning perspective.Secondly,specific technical methods were reviewed based on the NbS challenge types proposed by Raymond's team,and differences in technical methods under different themes were discussed.Finally,scale information was supplemented and reviewed based on the NbS criteria proposed by IUCN.The study discovered that the existing application scenes of spatial analysis mainly include flood management,river resilience planning,and ecosystem degradation caused by urban expansion.Technical methods involved in relevant studies include Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis(MCDA) derived from spatial overlay methods,hydrological models,spatial evaluation of ecosystem services,and Public Participation Geographic Information Systems(PPGIS).Relevant studies mainly focus on city scale or smaller.Spatial analysis has been applied to nearly all types of environmental challenges.The involved links include:(1) geographic information integration and environmental feature analysis in the information collection stage;(2) modeling,visualization,and simulation in the plan design stage;(3) effectiveness evaluation,impact assessment,and plan optimization in the restoration plan evaluation stage.However,research emphases are dispersed,and spatial analysis techniques differ significantly.Some standard technical methods focus on evaluating blue-green infrastructure and ecological spaces,including ecological sensitivity evaluation,kernel density estimation,rainfall-runoff simulation,and habitat modeling.The involved data covers Digital Elevation Model(DEM),Land Use and Land Cover(LULC),and meteorological data.Spatial analysis is a vital link to implementing NbS.Through quantitative and qualitative literature analyses,this study reviewed empirical research concerning spatial analysis in NbS,and summarized application scenes,technical methods,and scales.Moreover,the theoretical model of the spatial location of NbS was further expanded,and suggestions applicable to spatial ecological restoration planning of national lands were proposed.It is suggested to connect the spatial analysis of NbS and existing environmental evaluation tools positively in practices of an ecological restoration plan to explore new techniques and methods.Further,spatial evaluation at the "demand side" of ecological restoration shall be strengthened.Particular attention shall be paid to socio-economic conditions and demand preferences of the groups involved.